Concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenol and 2,5-Dichlorophenol in Urine of Korean Adults

Abstract

Humans are exposed to the environmental pollutants 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP) through air, the use of water and the consumption of products. In this study, we evaluated the urinary concentrations of these compounds in Korean people between the ages of 18 to 69 years, by making use of data from the Korean National Human Biomonitoring Survey that was completed in 2009. Of 1865 representative Koreans, 63.4% and 97.9% were found to have concentrations of 2,4-DCP and 2,5-DCP > 0.05 μg/L (limit of detection) in their urine, respectively. The geometric mean of urinary concentrations was 0.14 μg/L (confidence interval of 95% = 0.13–0.16) and 0.44 μg/L (confidence interval = 0.41–0.48), respectively. It was found that the adjusted proportional changes in 2,4-DCP concentrations were significantly associated with body mass index, whereas those of 2,5-DCP concentrations were influenced by place of residence. From these findings, it is evident that most adults in Korea have levels of 2,4-DCP and 2,5-DCP that are detectable in their urine and the burden of these compounds on their bodies varies depending on numerous demographic factors.

Correlates of exposure to phenols, parabens, and triclocarban in the Study of Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids

“…90–94 In NHANES 2005–2008, 2,5-dichlorophenol concentrations were positively associated with BMI, 20 but BMI was not associated with 2,5-dichlorophenol concentrations in SELF, the Healthy Start study, or the KNHBS. 79, 87 Our findings on BMI and triclosan also differed from those of other studies: we found no association between BMI and triclosan concentrations, but, in NHANES 2003–2010, the Healthy Start study, and the MIREC study, triclosan concentrations were inversely associated with BMI. 23, 74, 79 In NHANES 2013–2014, having a higher body surface area was associated with higher levels of triclocarban.…”

“…19 Inconsistency across analyses of NHANES data may relate to differences in how income variables were modeled. In SELF, the NCS Vanguard Study, 82 and the Korean National Human Biomonitoring Survey (KNHBS), 87 a cross-sectional study of 1 865 women and men aged 18–69 years recruited in 2009, no relation was observed between 2,4-dichlorophenol or 2,5-dichlorophenol concentrations and income, while higher concentrations of 2,5-dichlorophenol were observed among low-income Healthy Start study participants. 79 One analysis of NHANES 2001–2008 data observed higher concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol among both low income and high income non-Hispanic Blacks compared with high income non-Hispanic Whites, 88 while an analysis of NHANES 2005–2008 observed an inverse association with education and income for both compounds.…”

2,4‐DCP compromises the fertilization capacity of mouse oocytes

“…2,4-DCP is the most common organochlorine compound and is a key component in products of herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and antiseptics, pharmaceutical intermediates (Park & Kim, 2018). It is by-products of the treatment of drinking and wastewaters with chlorination.…”

Using three statistical methods to analyze the association between exposure to 9 compounds and obesity in children and adolescents: NHANES 2005-2010

“…Deierlein showed that phthalates—specifically low-molecular weight phthalates (monoethyl phthalate [MEP], a metabolite of diethyl phthalate (DEP); mono-n-butyl phthalate [MBP], a metabolite of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and mono-isobutyl phthalate [MiBP], a metabolite of di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP))—had slight associations with girls’ anthropometric outcomes [ 11 ]. These substances are readily present in our daily lives, since consumer products usually use parabens as preservatives, building and food packaging materials use phthalates as plasticizers, and the production of pharmaceutical and agricultural products uses 2,5-DCP as a chemical intermediate [ 12 – 14 ]. We can easily contact these environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals via gastrointestinal intake, dermal contact, and applying products that contain these chemicals [ 15 , 16 ].…”