Concentrations of anticoagulant rodenticides in stoats Mustela erminea and weasels Mustela nivalis from Denmark

Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Humans and Animals: Causes and Consequences

“…Wildlife expositions or intoxications to ARs have been reported around the world for many mammals such as minks [70], bobcats [71], stoats and weasels [72], foxes [73,74] and boars [67] and as well for many birds [75][76][77]. Exposition of ish was reported near an island where an eradication of rodent with brodifacoum was performed and the risk for human through the consumption appeared very low [78].…”

Development of an Ecofriendly Anticoagulant Rodenticide Based on the Stereochemistry of Difenacoum

“…Because of this increased persistence in animal tissues, especially in liver (Langford et al, 2013), the use of SGARs is associated with an increased risk of secondary poisoning for predators and scavengers feeding on contaminated rodents. Evidence of secondary poisoning was confirmed in predatory bird species such as barn owl (Tyto alba), buzzard (B. buteo), kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Red kyte (Milvus milvus), and tawny owl (Strix aluco) (Christensen et al, 2012 ;Hughes et al, 2013 ;Geduhn et al, 2015), in predatory mammals such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (Sage et al, 2010), European mink (Mustela lutreola) (Fournier-Chambrillon et al, 2004), weasels (Mustela nivalis) (Elmeros et al, 2011). Therefore, ARs were identified by the European Union as candidates for future comparative risk assessment and substitution in view of their unacceptable risk of secondary poisoning for wildlife.…”

Modeling Exposure of Mammalian Predators to Anticoagulant Rodenticides

“…Rodenticide concentration levels in weasels and stoats suggests Danish animals have a higher occurrence of positives and higher concentrations in Denmark than found in other European countries (Shore et al, 2003;Elmeros et al, 2011), although this to a certain may be accounted for by differential sensitivity of the analytical techniques. High rates and concentrations of AR in predators have similarly been found in France and New Zealand in association with intensive rodent control campaigns (Alterio, 1996;Alterio et al, 1997;Berny et al, 1997;Murphy et al, 1998;Eason et al, 1999).…”

“…Small-mammal predators (mustelids and birds) assayed for exposure to AR in Denmark have an incidence of exposure of 84-100% depending upon species (Elmeros et al, 2011;Christensen et al, 2012). Not only was the percentage of animals exposed high in the Danish predators, but in most species there were individuals (up to 70%) with rodenticide concentrations in the liver above (200 ng/g live-weight); a potentially lethal concentration for mustelids and birds of prey (Grolleau et al, 1989;Newton et al, 1999).…”

“…The predators assayed previously were collected during a period when the use of AR to combat rodents in forests, tree crops, and game feeding stations was allowed (Elmeros et al, 2011;Christensen et al, 2012). In 2010, the Danish EPA changed the regulations and prevented use of rodenticides in woodland and tree-crops by the end of 2011.…”