Concentrations of erythromycin and azithromycin in mature Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha after intraperitoneal injection, and in their progeny

Fairgrieve, William T.; Masada, Cyndy L.; Peterson, Mark E.; McAuley, W. Carlin; McDowell, Gail C.; Strom, Mark S.

doi:10.3354/dao068227

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Unlike erythromycin, azithromycin may not be administered to food fish. In Chinook salmon, azithromycin accumulates to higher levels and is eliminated more slowly than erythromycin (Fairgrieve et al 2006), a pattern that is consistent with the pharmacokinetics observed in mammalian cells for this antibiotic (Peters et al 1992, Bosnar et al 2005. Furthermore, azithromycin is transferred from injected female broodstock to offspring and persists up to 70 d after the start of exogenous feeding (Fairgrieve et al 2006).…”

supporting

confidence: 54%

“…In Chinook salmon, azithromycin accumulates to higher levels and is eliminated more slowly than erythromycin (Fairgrieve et al 2006), a pattern that is consistent with the pharmacokinetics observed in mammalian cells for this antibiotic (Peters et al 1992, Bosnar et al 2005. Furthermore, azithromycin is transferred from injected female broodstock to offspring and persists up to 70 d after the start of exogenous feeding (Fairgrieve et al 2006).Since the Swann report in 1969 in the UK (Swann 1969), there has been concern about the contribution of agricultural use antibiotics to generating drug-resistant bacterial strains that cause disease in both man and food animals (Shea et al 2004, Gilchrist et al 2007). The potential for selecting Renibacterium salmoninarum isolates with reduced susceptibility to erythromycin was documented approximately 20 yr ago when Bell et al (1988) generated an isolate with reduced susceptibility to erythromycin by successive growth of the isolate in increasing concentrations of erythromycin in broth culture.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Kidney samples were collected and analyzed for bacterial antigen levels with a polyclonal anti-Renibacterium salmoninarum antibody following the method of Pascho & Mulcahy (1987). Kidney tissue was analyzed for residual antibiotic activity by the method of Fairgrieve et al (2006). …”

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Characterization of Renibacterium salmoninarum with reduced susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics by a standardized antibiotic susceptibility test

Rhodes¹,

Nguyen²,

Deinhard³

et al. 2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Three cohorts of juvenile and subadult Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha received multiple treatments with macrolide antibiotics for bacterial kidney disease (BKD) during rearing in a captive broodstock program. A total of 77 mortalities among the cohorts were screened for Renibacterium salmoninarum, the etiologic agent of BKD, by agar culture from kidney, and isolates from 7 fish were suitable for growth testing in the presence of macrolide antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of erythromycin and azithromycin was determined by a modification of the standardized broth assay using defined medium. The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) type strain 33209 exhibited a MIC of 0.008 µg ml -1 to either erythromycin or azithromycin. Isolates from 3 fish displayed MICs identical to the MICs for the ATCC type strain 33209. In contrast, isolates from 4 fish exhibited higher MICs, ranging between 0.125 and 0.250 µg ml -1 for erythromycin and between 0.016 and 0.031 µg ml -1 for azithromycin. Sequence analysis of the mutational hotspots for macrolide resistance in the 23S rDNA gene and the open reading frames of ribosomal proteins L4 and L22 found identical sequences among all isolates, indicating that the phenotype was not due to mutations associated with the drug-binding site of 23S rRNA. These results are the first report of R. salmoninarum with reduced susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics isolated from fish receiving multiple antibiotic treatments. KEY WORDS:Antimicrobial agent susceptibility testing · Macrolide antibiotic · Reduced susceptibility · Renibacterium salmoninarum · Bacterial kidney disease Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 80: [173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180] 2008 tible to infection throughout the entire life cycle. For fish culturists, the windows of opportunity to deliver therapeutics against BKD are limited, and antibiotics are the most commonly used agents.By 1990, erythromycin was demonstrated to be potentially effective against vertical transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum (Bullock & Leek 1986, Evelyn et al. 1986, Brown et al. 1990, and injection of female broodstock with erythromycin is currently a routine procedure in many US rearing facilities (e.g. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2002, US Fish andWildlife Service 2005). In the US, erythromycin may be used in food salmonids under an Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) application, although approval is still pending (National Coordinator for Aquaculture New Animal Drug Applications 2007). In captive broodstock programs for endangered stocks of salmon, a percentage of fish are held through the entire life cycle, and the risk of BKD epidemics can be high. In those programs oral or injected macrolides may be administered anytime during growth to maturity.Azithromycin, a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin, has a broader spectrum of activity against bacteria than erythromycin, and it is active against Grampositive bact...

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Characterization of Renibacterium salmoninarum with reduced susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics by a standardized antibiotic susceptibility test

Rhodes¹,

Nguyen²,

Deinhard³

et al. 2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Intracellular survival allows the bacteria to escape both humoral and cellular immune responses as well as the action of antibiotics that normally act in the extracellular milieu (Fryer & Lannan 1993). In order to improve treatment efficacy, azithromycin (another macrolide drug with better tissue permeability and persistence) is being used to treat BKD in valuable endangered salmon stocks reared in captivity (Fairgrieve et al 2005(Fairgrieve et al , 2006. However, development of resistance to antibiotics is an increasingly important concern, not only for human health implications, but also in aquatic organisms (WHO 1997, Cabello 2006.…”

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“…However, development of resistance to antibiotics is an increasingly important concern, not only for human health implications, but also in aquatic organisms (WHO 1997, Cabello 2006. Recent evidence also indicates that long-term prophylactic use of erythromycin can produce toxicity and cause a reduction in reproductive success in Chinook salmon (Fairgrieve et al 2006). Clearly there is a strong need for alternative, non-antibiotic based drugs for treating BKD.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sortase inhibitor phenyl vinyl sulfone inhibits Renibacterium salmoninarum adherence and invasion of host cells

Sudheesh¹,

Crane²,

Cain³

et al. 2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fishes, is a Gram-positive diplococcobacillus belonging to the family Micrococcaceae. Analysis of the genome sequence of the bacterium demonstrated the presence of a sortase homolog (srtD), a gene specifying an enzyme found in Gram-positive bacteria and required for covalent anchoring of cell surface proteins. Interference of sortase activity is being examined as a target for therapeutic prevention of infection by several pathogenic Gram-positive bacterial species. In silico analysis identified 8 open reading frames containing sortase recognition motifs, suggesting these proteins are translocated to the bacterial cell wall. The sortase and potential sortase substrate genes are transcribed in R. salmoninarum, suggesting they encode functional proteins. Treatment of R. salmoninarum with phenyl vinyl sulfone (PVS) significantly reduced bacterial adherence to Chinook salmon fibronectin. In addition, the ability of the PVS-treated bacteria to adhere to Chinook salmon embryo cells in vitro was dramatically reduced compared to that of untreated bacteria. More importantly, PVS-treated bacteria were unable to invade and replicate within CHSE-214 cells (demonstrated by an intracellular growth assay and by light microscopy). When treated with PVS, R. salmoninarum was not cytopathic to CHSE-214 cells, whereas untreated bacteria produced cytopathology within a few days. These findings clearly show that PVS, a small molecule drug and a known sortase inhibitor, can interfere with the ability of R. salmoninarum to adhere and colonize fish cells, with a corresponding decrease in virulence.KEY WORDS: Renibacterium salmoninarum · Bacterial kidney disease · Anti-virulence chemotherapy · Adherence · Invasion · Host cell sortase inhibitor · Phenyl vinyl sulfone Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 78: [115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127] 2007 1994, Kehoe 1994). MSCRAMs have specific C-terminal anchoring signals or cell wall sorting (CWS)-motifs that are recognized by a membrane transpeptidase called sortase. Sortase catalyzes covalent anchoring of these proteins to the peptidoglycan surface during cell wall synthesis (reviewed in Navarre & Schneewind 1999, Ton-That et al. 2004, Marraffini et al. 2006). Elimination of sortase activity and the consequent disruption of surface protein anchoring correlates with a dramatic decrease in pathogenicity of Gram-positive bacteria in animal infections (Mazmanian et al. 2000, Bolken et al. 2001, Bierne et al. 2002, Garandeau et al. 2002, Jonsson et al. 2002, Weiss et al. 2004. Sortase is also involved in the assembly of cell surface pili on Gram-positive bacteria, which often aid attachment to host cells (Ton-That & Schneewind 2003). Collectively, these and other findings suggest that sortases are promising targets for new antibacterial drugs (Schneewind et al. 1993, Frankel et al. 2004, Ton-That et al. 2004, Weis...

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Medical Treatment

Vergneau‐Grosset¹,

Lair²

2021

Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine

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Concentrations of erythromycin and azithromycin in mature Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha after intraperitoneal injection, and in their progeny

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Characterization of Renibacterium salmoninarum with reduced susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics by a standardized antibiotic susceptibility test

Characterization of Renibacterium salmoninarum with reduced susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics by a standardized antibiotic susceptibility test

Sortase inhibitor phenyl vinyl sulfone inhibits Renibacterium salmoninarum adherence and invasion of host cells

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