Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Three Brown Seaweed (Phaeophyta: Phaeophyceae) Collected from Tourism Area in Sanur Beach, Coast of Denpasar, Bali and Public Health Risk Assessment

Abstract

Highlight Research Brown seaweed heavy metals content varies between species Risk assessment showed low health risk for heavy metal from intake of the three brown seaweed The three types of brown seaweed did not show carcinogenic properties to metal Arsenic (As) Abstract Marine brown seaweed are known as one of the potential biological agents to be developed as functional food and medicinal sectors. This study aims to examine the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) in brown algae (Sargassum aquifolium, Padina australis, and Turbinaria ornata.) and the possible exposure to health risks caused by consumption. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) on brown seaweed samples obtained from three different sites. The average concentration of heavy metals in the dry weight of brown seaweed remains within the guidelines established by The Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) Number 32 of 2019 concerning the Safety and Quality of Traditional Medicines, which is then used to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ and TTHQ), and target cancer risk (TCR) for arsenic associated with food exposure to potentially toxic metallic elements. Each species of brown seaweed has a THQ and TTHQ level of <1, indicating that one or more toxic metal elements in the same meal provide no significant non-carcinogenic risk. The TCR for arsenic in these seaweeds are all less than 1 x 10-4, indicating no cancer risk. There are no chronic health hazards related with the ingestion of brown seaweed harvested from the coast of Sanur Beach at Denpasar, Bali.

Occurrence and Consumer Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Frozen Demersal Fish and Cephalopod Products from Benoa Port, Bali Province

“…Because there are no mathematical criteria for evaluating possible noncancerous consequences of toxin exposure (28)(29). The published research findings on heavy metal levels in fish products, as well as risk assessments (30)(31)(32).…”

Investigation of Microplastic Contamination in Sediments, Water and Aquatic Biota in Lake Beratan, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province – Indonesia

“…At each station, 3 samples will be taken with a distance of ± 5 m. The three samples from each station are composited and air-dried. Samples of sediment, water and aquatic biota that have been collected are labeled and put into sterile airtight plastic clips for sediment and aquatic biota samples while glass bottles are for water samples (Rosiana et al, 2022;Wasilah et al, 2021). The samples are then placed into a cool box to prevent exposure to sunlight or environmental infl uences.…”

“…Our results reveal that MPs contamination has been found in aquatic biota such as fish and shrimp collected in Lake Beratan. This is an early warning regarding the potential impact of MPs consumption by aquatic animals that can affect physiological systems and digestive disorders (Rosiana et al, 2022;Schrank et al, 2019). At the food chain level, the transfer of tropic MPs through food webs poses serious ecological and human health risks (Carbery et al, 2018;Nel et al, 2018).…”

Antioxidant activity of crude fucoidan extract from brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae), Sargassum sp. and Turbinaria sp.

“…Brown seaweeds are highly nutritious because they contain carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Some components also possess bioactivity that can be beneficial to human health [8]. These components are polysaccharides of brown seaweeds, such as alginate, fucoidan, and laminarin.…”