Concepts and Classification of Schizophrenia

Wing, J. K.; Agrawal, Niruj

doi:10.1002/9780470987353.ch1

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“… 20 The congruence of self-stigma and social exclusion may lead persons with SMIs (PSMIs) to face unfair treatment or discrimination and develop low self-esteem. 21–24 Such stigma may prevent mentally ill persons from improving their conditions 25 by creating a ‘barrier to recovery’ 26 and worsen their situation by pushing them into poverty through discriminatory practices. 27–29 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case–control study

et al. 2015

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ObjectiveTo assess the effect of experienced stigma on depth of multidimensional poverty of persons with severe mental illness (PSMI) in Delhi, India, controlling for gender, age and caste.DesignMatching case (hospital)–control (population) study.SettingUniversity Hospital (cases) and National Capital Region (controls), India.ParticipantsA case–control study was conducted from November 2011 to June 2012. 647 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia or affective disorders were recruited and 647 individuals of same age, sex and location of residence were matched as controls at a ratio of 1:2:1. Individuals who refused consent or provided incomplete interview were excluded.Main outcome measuresHigher risk of poverty due to stigma among PSMI.Results38.5% of PSMI compared with 22.2% of controls were found poor on six dimensions or more. The difference in multidimensional poverty index was 69% between groups with employment and income of the main contributors. Multidimensional poverty was strongly associated with stigma (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.27 to 5.31), scheduled castes/scheduled tribes/other backward castes (2.39, 1.39 to 4.08), mental illness (2.07, 1.25 to 3.41) and female gender (1.87, 1.36 to 2.58). A significant interaction between stigma, mental illness and gender or caste indicates female PSMI or PSMI from ‘lower castes’ were more likely to be poor due to stigma than male controls (p<0.001) or controls from other castes (p<0.001).ConclusionsPublic stigma and multidimensional poverty linked to SMI are pervasive and intertwined. In particular for low caste and women, it is a strong predictor of poverty. Exclusion from employment linked to negative attitudes and lack of income are the highest contributors to multidimensional poverty, increasing the burden for the family. Mental health professionals need to be aware of and address these issues.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case–control study

et al. 2015

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“…As suggested by several authors, there is no test (biological or otherwise) that can reliably differentiate between individuals with and without psychosis (Beck, 2009;Wing, 2013;Wong and Van Tol, 2003). However, over recent decades, quantification of spontaneous electroencephalography (quantitative EEG, qEEG) has been used to predict the likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders, classify disease states and delineate the effects of pharmacological agents in a variety of disorders including SZ (Leiser et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative electroencephalography as a biomarker for proneness toward developing psychosis

Fuggetta

Bennett

Duke

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Research

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The fully dimensional approach to the relationship between schizotypal personality traits and schizophrenia describes schizotypy as a continuum throughout the general population ranging from low schizotypy (LoS) and psychological health to high schizotypy (HiS) and psychosisproneness. However, no biological markers have yet been discovered that reliably quantify an individual's degree of schizotypy and/or psychosis. This study aimed to evaluate quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) measures of power spectra as potential biomarkers of the proneness towards the development of psychosis in schizotypal individuals. The resting-state oscillatory brain dynamics under eyes-closed condition from 16 LoS and 16 HiS individuals were analysed for qEEG measures of background rhythm frequency, relative power in δ, θ, low-α, high-α, low-β, high-β and low-γ frequency bands, and the high-temporal crosscorrelation of power spectra between low-and high-frequency bands observed by averaging signals from whole-head EEG electrodes. HiS individuals at rest locked the thalamocortical loop in the low-α band at a lower-frequency oscillation and displayed an abnormally high level of neural synchronisation. In addition, the high-α band was found to be positively correlated with both the high-β and low-γ bands unlike LoS individuals, indicating widespread thalamocortical resonance in HiS individuals. The increase of regional alpha oscillations in HiS individuals suggests abnormal high-level attention, whereas the pattern of correlation between frequency bands resembles the thalamocortical dysrhythma phenomenon which underlies the symptomatology of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. These qEEG biomarkers may aid clinicians in identifying HiS individuals with a high-risk of developing psychosis.

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“…Or, if no primacy can be determined, resort is made to labels such as ''schizoaffective disorder'' or even ''schizoobsessive'' subtype of schizophrenia. 3,8 An alternative approach, reified in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is to consider these symptoms as part of another axis I diagnosis that is occurring alongside schizophrenia. 9 Under this scenario, the patient has 2 major conditions, and these have co-occurred (perhaps for some etiological reason common to both disorders).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychiatric Comorbidities and Schizophrenia

Buckley¹,

Miller²,

Lehrer³

et al. 2008

Schizophrenia Bulletin

937

618

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Psychiatric comorbidities are common among patients with schizophrenia. Substance abuse comorbidity predominates. Anxiety and depressive symptoms are also very common throughout the course of illness, with an estimated prevalence of 15% for panic disorder, 29% for posttraumatic stress disorder, and 23% for obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is estimated that comorbid depression occurs in 50% of patients, and perhaps (conservatively) 47% of patients also have a lifetime diagnosis of comorbid substance abuse. This article chronicles these associations, examining whether these comorbidities are "more than chance" and might represent (distinct) phenotypes of schizophrenia. Among the anxiety disorders, the evidence at present is most abundant for an association with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Additional studies in newly diagnosed antipsychotic-naive patients and their first-degree relatives and searches for genetic and environmental risk factors are needed to replicate preliminary findings and further investigate these associations.

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Concepts and Classification of Schizophrenia

Cited by 6 publications

References 33 publications

Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case–control study

Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case–control study

Quantitative electroencephalography as a biomarker for proneness toward developing psychosis

Psychiatric Comorbidities and Schizophrenia

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