Concepts and Terminologies in 4D Printing

Pei, Eujin; Loh, Giselle Hsiang; Nam, Sang-Wan

doi:10.3390/app10134443

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…According to Pei et al [ 1 ], the development of four-dimensional printing (4DP) has been encouraged by the rapid development of Additive Manufacturing (AM) and Shape Memory Materials (SMMs). Notably, 4DP parts can morph or change shape, depending on the passage of time and the given environment conditions [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Shape Changing Behaviors from 4D Printing through Material Extrusion Print Patterns and Infill Densities

Nam

Pei

2020

Materials

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Four-dimensional printing (4DP) is an approach of using Shape Memory Materials (SMMs) with additive manufacturing (AM) processes to produce printed parts that can deform over a determined amount of time. This research examines how Polylactic Acid (PLA), as a Shape Memory Polymer (SMP), can be programmed by manipulating the build parameters of material extrusion. In this research, a water bath experiment was used to show the results of the shape-recovery of bending and shape-recovery speed of the printed parts, according to the influence of the print pattern, infill density and recovery temperature (Tr). In terms of the influence of the print pattern, the ‘Quarter-cubic’ pattern with a 100% infill density showed the best recovery result; and the ‘Line’ pattern with a 20% infill density showed the worst recovery result. The ‘Cubic-subdivision’ pattern with a 20% infill density demonstrated the shortest recovery time; and the ‘Concentric’ pattern with a 100% infill density demonstrated the longest recovery time. The results also showed that a high temperature and high infill density provided better recovery, and a low temperature and low infill density resulted in poor recovery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Shape Changing Behaviors from 4D Printing through Material Extrusion Print Patterns and Infill Densities

Nam

Pei

2020

Materials

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“…[ 21–23 ] 4DP technology has numerous advantages including programmed functionality, reduced fabrication time, and material saving approach. [ 11,24–26 ] Stimuli‐responsive materials (SRMs)/shape changing materials use different external stimuli including heat, thermal, light, electric field, moisture, pH, ion, and magnetic field to transform their shapes through folding, twisting, elongating, and creasing mechanisms. [ 27–30 ] Figure depicts the essential components for developing 4DPed products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7][8][9] The additional dimension helps in changing the properties including functionality or shape of the 3D-printed (3DPed) products, over time in a controlled manner. [10][11][12][13][14] Computer-aided design models are applied to layer-by-layer deposit different smart materials (SMs) including polymers, metals, composites, and ceramics for developing extremely precise and intricate geometries. [15][16][17] This technology is becoming more popular with time due to gelatin, and hyaluronic acid are widely applied by researchers for fabricating 4DPed bioproducts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4D Printing: Technological and Manufacturing Renaissance

Khalid

Arif

Ahmed

2022

Macro Materials & Eng

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Shape-memory materials (SMMs) combined with 3D printing to develop dynamic and adaptive products which are responsive to physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These structures are categorized into 4D-printed (4DPed) products which change their shape and properties over time dimension. 4D printing, a novel, multidisciplinary, and futuristic technology is expanding its utilization in different applications including healthcare, space, textile, soft robotics, defence, sports, aerospace, and automotive sectors. This review article focuses on the recent and insightful developments in the 4DP technology of SMMs especially shape-memory polymers. This review also integrates printing technologies, the programming of materials for specific actuating mechanisms, and the most recent applications of 4DPed structures/products. Future perspectives and countless opportunities of this 4DP technology are outlined to address the current challenges which will help evolve and promote this novel technology as the mainstream manufacturing approach for developing real-world products in a myriad of engineering sectors. 4DP technology progresses beyond imagination, since its inception and will promote technological and manufacturing renaissance in the material science field. This technology will profoundly impact manufacturing and daily human life in the future.

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“…The technology of four-dimensional printing (4D printing) is based on the 3D printing of shape memory materials. Clearly, 4Dprinted parts have the ability to change shape with time (the fourth dimension), upon given environment conditions (Pei et al, 2020). With the continuous development of SMPs, new 4D printing applications within the product design industry are expected to grow (Nam and Pei, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Application of 4D Technology in Fabrication of Orthodontic Aligners

et al. 2022

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Objectives: To investigate and quantify forces generated by three-dimensional-printed aligners made of shape memory polymers (four-dimensional [4D] aligner).Methods: Clear X v1.1 material was used in this study. On a custom-made typodont model, correction of maxillary central incisor (tooth 21) malposition by 4D aligners with thicknesses of 0.8 and 1.0 mm was measured by superimposition of subsequent scans. Maximum deflection forces generated by foil sheet specimens were measured at different temperatures in three-point bending (3-PB) tests. In a biomechanical system (orthodontic measurement and simulation system [OMSS]), forces generated on movements of tooth 21 by the 4D aligners were measured at different temperatures.Results: 4D aligners succeeded to achieve a significant tooth movement (2.5 ± 0.5 mm) on the typodont, with insignificant difference between different thicknesses. In the 3-PB test, the maximum deflection forces measured at 20, 30, 37, 45, and 55°C, were 3.8 ± 1.1, 2.5 ± 0.9, 1.7 ± 0.6, 1.0 ± 0.4, and 0.5 ± 0.4 N, respectively. Forces delivered on palatal displacement of tooth 21 at 37, 45, and 55°C by 0.8-mm aligners were 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.2 ± 0.1, and 0.7 ± 0.2 N, respectively, whereas those by 1.0-mm aligners were 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.3 ± 0.1, and 0.6 ± 0.2 N, respectively. A good concordance with movement on the typodont model was shown in OMSS.Conclusion: An initial study of 4D-printed aligner shows its ability to move a tooth by biocompatible orthodontic forces, after a suitable thermal stimulus within the oral temperature range.

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Concepts and Terminologies in 4D Printing

Cited by 21 publications

References 49 publications

The Influence of Shape Changing Behaviors from 4D Printing through Material Extrusion Print Patterns and Infill Densities

The Influence of Shape Changing Behaviors from 4D Printing through Material Extrusion Print Patterns and Infill Densities

4D Printing: Technological and Manufacturing Renaissance

Potential Application of 4D Technology in Fabrication of Orthodontic Aligners

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