Conceptual and visual representations of racial categories: Distinguishing subtypes from subgroups

Hinzman, Lindsay; Maddox, Keith B.

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.12.012

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The results observed provide the first experimental evidence for the hypotheses that the information that a person who committed a crime belongs to a lower socioeconomic class increases support for the target conviction only for black targets, but not for whites. These results corroborate with other studies in the literature that have indicated the importance of considering information about more than one characteristic of an individual [18,41] when judging a particular target, in this case, socioeconomic class and skin color [14,42]. Results also indicate that individuals’ tend to differently consider information about belonging to the lower classes when judging blacks and whites.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Black people are convicted more for being black than for being poor: The role of social norms and cultural prejudice on biased racial judgments

et al. 2019

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Black and poor people are more frequently convicted of committing crimes. However, the specific role played by skin color and social class in convicting a person has yet to be clarified. This article aims to elucidate this issue by proposing that belonging to a lower social class facilitates the conviction of black targets and that this phenomenon is because information about social class dissimulates racial bias. Study 1 (N = 160) demonstrated that information about belonging to the lower classes increases agreement with a criminal suspect being sentenced to prison only when described as being black. Furthermore, Studies 2 (N = 170) and 3 (N = 174) show that the anti-prejudice norm inhibits discrimination against the black target when participants were asked to express individual racial prejudice, but not when they expressed cultural racial prejudice. Finally, Study 4 (N = 134) demonstrated that lower-class black targets were discriminated against to a greater degree when participants expressed either individual or cultural prejudice and showed that this occurs when racial and class anti-prejudice norms are salient. The results suggest that social class negatively affects judgments of black targets because judgment based on lower class mitigates the racist motivation of discrimination.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Black people are convicted more for being black than for being poor: The role of social norms and cultural prejudice on biased racial judgments

et al. 2019

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“…If so, reverse correlation should be able to identify it. Researchers have used reverse correlation to visualise diagnostic features for various professions (Hehman, Flake, & Freeman, 2015;Imhoff, Woelki, Hanke, & Dotsch, 2013), such as athletes, bankers, business men, doctors, drug dealers, financial advisors, nursery teachers, nurses, power-lifters and rappers, as well as sexual orientation Hinzman & Maddox, 2017;Tskhay & Rule, 2015), political orientation (liberal vs. conservative; Tskhay & Rule, 2015) and various castes and religions in India (Dunham, Srinivasan, Dotsch, & Barner, 2014). Finally, Brown-Iannuzzi, Dotsch, Cooley and Payne (2017) visualised faces of welfare recipients (Brown-Iannuzzi, Dotsch, Cooley, & Payne, 2017).…”

Section: Diagnostic Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualising mental representations: A primer on noise-based reverse correlation in social psychology

Brinkman

Todorov

Dotsch

2017

European Review of Social Psychology

152

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With the introduction of the psychophysical method of reverse correlation, a holy grail of social psychology appears to be within reach -visualising mental representations. Reverse correlation is a data-driven method that yields visual proxies of mental representations, based on judgements of randomly varying stimuli. This review is a primer to an influential reverse correlation approach in which stimuli vary by applying random noise to the pixels of images. Our review suggests that the technique is an invaluable tool in the investigation of social perception (e.g., in the perception of race, gender and personality traits), with ample potential applications. However, it is unclear how these visual proxies are best interpreted. Building on advances in cognitive neuroscience, we suggest that these proxies are visual reflections of the internal representations that determine how social stimuli are perceived. In addition, we provide a tutorial on how to perform reverse correlation experiments using R.

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“…The reverse correlation (RC) is an innovative data-driven method designed to capture visual representations (or so-called classification images; CIs) of social targets. The procedure has proven very useful to uncover various important phenomena such as the top-down distortions of facial representation of social groups (e.g., Brown-Iannuzzi et al, 2016;Brown-Iannuzzi et al, 2018;Dotsch et al, 2008;Hinzman & Maddox, 2017). One issue, however, is that past research relied almost solely on ratings from average CIs, a strategy that may drastically increase Type I errors (Cone et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the years, the procedure has become widespread in social psychology and has proven to be particularly useful to identify the diagnostic features that drive social perception or to examine how top-down processes can bias mental images of social targets (see Brinkman et al, 2017;Jack & Schyns, 2017;Todorov et al, 2011;Todorov et al , 2013). For instance, it contributed to uncover facial diagnostic components of social categories such as ethnicity and race (e.g., Dotsch et al, 2008;Hinzman & Maddox, 2017;Krosch & Amodio, 2014;Kunst, Dovidio et al, 2017), gender (e.g., Brooks et al, 2018;Degner et al, 2019;Gundersen & Kunst, 2018), country of origin (e.g., Imhoff et al, 2011), profession and occupation (e.g., Degner et al, 2019;Lloyd et al, 2020), age (e.g., Albohn & Adams, 2020), religion (e.g., Brown-Iannuzzi et al, 2018) but also personality traits (e.g, Lin et al, 2018;Oliveira et al, 2019), and emotions (e.g., Albohn & Adams, 2020;Brooks et al, 2018). Furthermore, the RC method provides insights on how these mental templates could be distorted by a priori preferences, attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge, such as political ideology (e.g., Jackson et al, 2018;Young et al, 2013), love and attraction (e.g., Gunaydin & DeLong, 2015;Karremans et al, 2011), stereotypes and prejudice (e.g., Brown-Iannuzzi et al, 2016;Brown-Iannuzzi et al, 2018;Dotsch et al, 2008;Hinzman & Maddox, 2017), group membership (e.g., Hong & Ratner, 2020;Ratner et al, 2014), dehumanization (Kunst, Kteily et al, 2017;…”

Section: The Reverse Correlation Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing the Brief Reverse Correlation

Schmitz¹,

Rougier²,

Yzerbyt³

2021

Preprint

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The reverse correlation (RC) is an innovative method to capture visual mental representations (i.e., classification images, CIs) of social targets that has become increasingly popular in social psychology. Because CIs of high quality are difficult to obtain without a large number of trials, the majority of past research relied on CIs extracted from samples of participants (average CIs). This strategy, however, leads to inflated false positivity rates. Using the representation from each participant (individual CIs) offers one solution to this problem. Still, this approach requires large numbers of trials and is thus economically costly, time demanding, demotivating for the participants, or simply impractical. We introduce a new version of the reverse correlation method, namely the Brief-RC. The Brief-RC increases the quality of individual (and average) CIs and reduces the overall task length by increasing the number of stimuli (i.e., noisy faces) presented at each trial. In two experiments, assessments by external judges confirm that the new method delivers equally good (Experiment 1) or higher-quality (Experiment 2) outcomes than the traditional method for the same number of trials, time length, and number of stimuli. The Brief-RC may thus facilitate the production of higher-quality individual CIs and alleviate the risk of false positivity rate.

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Conceptual and visual representations of racial categories: Distinguishing subtypes from subgroups

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Black people are convicted more for being black than for being poor: The role of social norms and cultural prejudice on biased racial judgments

Black people are convicted more for being black than for being poor: The role of social norms and cultural prejudice on biased racial judgments

Visualising mental representations: A primer on noise-based reverse correlation in social psychology

Introducing the Brief Reverse Correlation

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