Conceptual design of the modular detector and readout system for the CMB-S4 survey experiment

Barron, Darcy; Ahmed, Zeeshan; Aguilar, Jessica Nicole; Anderson, Adam W.; Carina, Baker,; Barry, Peter J.; Beall, James A.; Bender, A. N.; Benson, B. A.; Besuner, Robert; Cecil, Thomas E.; Chang, C. L.; Chapman, Scott; Chesmore, Grace E.; Derylo, G.; Doriese, W. B.; Duff, Shannon M.; Elleflot, T.; Filippini, J. P.; Flaugher, B.; Gomez, Jillian; Grimes, Paul W.; Gualtieri, R.; Gullett, Ian; Haller, G.; Henderson, S.; Henke, Doug; Herbst, R.; Huber, Anthony; Hubmayr, Johannes; Jonas, M.; Joseph, J.; King, Cesiley; Kovac, J. M.; Kubik, D.; Lisovenko, M.; McMahon, Jeffrey; Nagy, Johanna; Osherson, B.; Reese, Benjamin E.; Ruhl, J. E.; Sapozhnikov, L.; Schillaci, A.; Simon, Sara M.; Suzuki, Aritoki; Wang, Gensheng; Westbrook, Benjamin; Yefremenko, Vladimir; Zhang, Jianjie

doi:10.1117/12.2630494

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Maps of these statistics are not readily available, so we use the inverse-variance maps as a proxy. 9 To be precise, we first multiply the difference maps, ν i , by √ h i , such that the variance of ν i on small-scales is uniform. Borrowing from equation (3.7), we have on small-scales:…”

Section: Jcap11(2023)073mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While these instruments observe the sky with O(10 3 −10 4 ) detectors, next-generation projects, such as the Simons Observatory (SO) [37], the BICEP Array [76], and AliCPT [75] will increase this count by an order of magnitude once fully operational. Thereafter, the CMB-S4 experiment [1,9] plans to deploy yet another order of magnitude increase in detector count, to several hundred thousand. With growing statistical power, the need for accurate modeling of instrument systematics and noise properties will become more urgent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: map-based noise simulations for DR6

Atkins,

Duivenvoorden,

Coulton

et al. 2023

J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys.

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The increasing statistical power of cosmic microwave background (CMB) datasets requires a commensurate effort in understanding their noise properties. The noise in maps from ground-based instruments is dominated by large-scale correlations, which poses a modeling challenge. This paper develops novel models of the complex noise covariance structure in the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Data Release 6 (ACT DR6) maps. We first enumerate the noise properties that arise from the combination of the atmosphere and the ACT scan strategy. We then prescribe a class of Gaussian, map-based noise models, including a new wavelet-based approach that uses directional wavelet kernels for modeling correlated instrumental noise. The models are empirical, whose only inputs are a small number of independent realizations of the same region of sky. We evaluate the performance of these models against the ACT DR6 data by drawing ensembles of noise realizations. Applying these simulations to the ACT DR6 power spectrum pipeline reveals a ∼ 20% excess in the covariance matrix diagonal when compared to an analytic expression that assumes noise properties are uniquely described by their power spectrum. Along with our public code, mnms, this work establishes a necessary element in the science pipelines of both ACT DR6 and future ground-based CMB experiments such as the Simons Observatory (SO).

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Section: Jcap11(2023)073mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: map-based noise simulations for DR6

Atkins,

Duivenvoorden,

Coulton

et al. 2023

J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys.

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show abstract

“…• Another technique utilized in cosmic microwave background surveys [34][35][36] is staged amplification and readout. While these detectors use TES bolometers, and, therefore, the sensor and readout systems do not directly apply to this study, the basic idea of amplifying signals in multiple steps, starting with lower gains at the lowest temperatures, could be investigated to adapt for pixel detectors.…”

Section: Jinst 18 P12005mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual study of a two-layer silicon pixel detector to tag the passage of muons from cosmic sources through quantum processors

Sarıca

2023

J. Inst.

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Recent studies in quantum computing have shown that quantum error correction with large numbers of physical qubits are limited by ionizing radiation from high-energy particles. Depending on the physical setup of the quantum processor, the contribution of muons from cosmic sources can constitute a significant fraction of these interactions. As most of these muons are difficult to stop, we perform a conceptual study of a two-layer silicon pixel detector to tag their hits on a solid-state quantum processor instead. With a typical dilution refrigerator geometry model, we find that efficiencies greater than 50% are most likely to be achieved if at least one of the layers is operated at the deep-cryogenic (<1 K) flanges of the refrigerator. Following this finding, we further propose a novel research program that could allow the development of silicon pixel detectors that are fast enough to provide input to quantum error correction algorithms, can operate at deep-cryogenic temperatures, and have very low power consumption.

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“…This experiment uses arrays of DC-voltage biased Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers, with signals amplified by DC SQUIDs and read out through Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) [2]. CMB-S4 will have an order of magnitude increase in the number of detectors per focal plane as compared with the previous generation of CMB telescopes, targeting ∼130,000 detectors on the densest focal planes and ∼500,000 detectors overall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SSA amplifier is located at the 4K stage and provides additional cold amplification before the signal is input to the room temperature amplifier in the warm electronics. Further detail on the CMB-S4 readout scheme can be found in [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

End-to-End Modeling of the TDM Readout System for CMB-S4

Goldfinger,

Ahmed,

Barron

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The CMB-S4 experiment is developing next-generation ground-based microwave telescopes to observe the Cosmic Microwave Background with unprecedented sensitivity. This will require an order of magnitude increase in the 100 mK detector count, which in turn increases the demands on the readout system. The CMB-S4 readout will use time division multiplexing (TDM), taking advantage of faster switches and amplifiers in order to achieve an increased multiplexing factor. To facilitate the design of the new readout system, we have developed a model that predicts the bandwidth and noise performance of this circuity and its interconnections. This is then used to set requirements on individual components in order to meet the performance necessary for the full system. We present an overview of this model and compare the model results to the performance of both legacy and prototype readout hardware.

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Conceptual design of the modular detector and readout system for the CMB-S4 survey experiment

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: map-based noise simulations for DR6

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: map-based noise simulations for DR6

Conceptual study of a two-layer silicon pixel detector to tag the passage of muons from cosmic sources through quantum processors

End-to-End Modeling of the TDM Readout System for CMB-S4

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