Conceptual Model of Human-Automation Interaction

Abstract

Why is it important to understand human behavior in automated environments? The performance of a humanautomation system is a product of the quality of the support provided by the automation and the manner in which that support is used by the human. Therefore, the solution to reaching an optimal level of system performance does not lie exclusively within possible improvements to technological components, but also by understanding the interaction of humans with automated agents. A conceptual model of human-automation interaction is presented in this paper. The model includes most of the well-established variable relationships to date, as well as a brief description of the literature that supports each relationship.

The Effect of Incorrect Reliability Information on Expectations, Perceptions, and Use of Automation

“…In both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, levels of expectation directly matched initial expectations of automation reliability. Perceived reliability is also presumed to predict or even mediate automation use (e.g., Bustamante, 2009;Merritt & Ilgen, 2008;Sanchez, 2009;Wiczorek & Manzey, 2010); however, our findings did not show this relationship.…”

“…Another factor that influences dependence on automation is users' perceptions of the automation, including perceived reliability. This factor presumably mediates actual automation reliability and the human's use of the automation (e.g., Merritt & Ilgen, 2008;Sanchez, 2009). However, other studies have shown that perceptions do not mediate, but rather predict, automation use (e.g., Bustamante, 2009;Wiczorek & Manzey, 2010).…”

“…Unsurprisingly, humans are more likely to depend on the automation when reliability is perceived to be perfect or very high. As automation reliability decreases, other factors, such as perceived reliability, also decrease (Sanchez, 2009). Wickens and Dixon (2005) found that automation with less than approximately 70% reliability is considered worse than not using automation.…”

“…Perceived reliability is initially formed through automation expectations (e.g., Sanchez, 2009). Expectations, or a mental model of how automation works and will perform, have been found to bias attention and information selection (e.g., Bowers et al, 1996).…”

Adaptive and Immersive Interfaces to Improve Situational Awareness in Multi-Robot Missions

“…The literature distinguishes among extrinsic and intrinsic factors regarding trust in automation [32]. An important extrinsic factor is the workload of operator (more workload generally implies more trust in automation) [208], whereas an intrinsic factor that must be remarked is the operator selfconfidence (less self-confidence implies more trust in automation) [208]. The experiments show the operators have more confidence with low autonomy systems than with high autonomy ones, this difference is bigger when the number of robots is higher, and the presence of failures has a remarkable influence on this perception [201].…”