Conceptualisation of Human-on-the-Loop Haptic Teleoperation With Fully Autonomous Self-Driving Vehicles in the Urban Environment

Kuru, Kaya

doi:10.1109/ojits.2021.3132725

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…However, adapting to the environment for SDVs is not a linear learning process. Swarm intelligence can be constructed by combining the learning abilities of all SDVs, which reduces the required learning time significantly regarding the number of SDVs in operation [54]. The more evolutionary SDVs (e.g., learning from their mistakes or mistakes already done by others) for improving their performance [54], the more trusted ADSs.…”

Section: ) Real-world Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swarm intelligence can be constructed by combining the learning abilities of all SDVs, which reduces the required learning time significantly regarding the number of SDVs in operation [54]. The more evolutionary SDVs (e.g., learning from their mistakes or mistakes already done by others) for improving their performance [54], the more trusted ADSs. A mistake done by an SDV is not repeated by other SDVs through continuous non-linear learning.…”

Section: ) Real-world Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This ability leads to maintaining the already established trust through instant iterations and improvements. Furthermore, any imminent and instant nonserious failures can be fixed remotely and quickly using the human-on-the-loop (HOTL) approach [54] by considering the remote non-negligible security threats, which is elaborated in Section IV. Technically speaking, the HOTL abilities with remote operators through taking one course of optimal action safely over other less optimal actions by maximising the expected utility and expediting self-learning based on achieving certain goals can maintain and ensure trust, in particular, at the start of their commercial use.…”

Section: Trust From the Perspective Of Users Pedestrians And Other Tr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vehicle teleoperation with instant problem-solving mechanisms using remotely authorized controllable abilities seems to be a viable solution to enable further improvements [54] and to maintain trust in SDVs during their real-world use, i.e., trust by use. It, with increasing momentum in the industry, allows SDVs to navigate through unorthodox situations that they cannot deal with on their own [71].…”

Section: Verification Of Trustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ericsson and Einride built a remote HOTL teleoperation system with SDVs in the delivery sector in Sweden [73]. The results of the trials in real-world environments suggest that it is highly imperative to keep HOTL to step in when the new driver, AI, experiences a complex situation that can not be handled by autonomy [54]. Despite decades of prior research and a renewed interest from technology companies and the research community, many gaps remain in the capabilities of AVs [37], in particular, performing evolutionary cognitive computing in the event of uncertain outcomes; this is what makes the HOTL concept a reasonable intervention to maintain trust in SDVs.…”

Section: Verification Of Trustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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TrustFSDV: Framework for Building and Maintaining Trust in Self-Driving Vehicles

Kuru

2022

IEEE Access

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The deployment of fully self-sufficient, self-driving vehicles (SDVs) to city roads in a diverse range of benefit-driven concepts is on the horizon where the higher levels of automation with automated driving systems (ADSs) are being installed on vehicles. The acceptance of SDVs as safetycritical systems to successfully substitute for human drivers requires a high level of trustworthiness in numerous socio-technical aspects. By the time SDVs are available to the general public with challenges and opportunities, the trustworthiness of SDVs in rapidly changing, partially observable, multiagent, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous and unknown environments shall be ensured from the perspective of the stakeholders. This paper analyses the dynamics of trust in SDVs from the perspectives of all stakeholders to result in how the "trustworthiness" of SDVs can be ensured with mitigated risks and dangers (i.e., non-maleficence) and maximised benefits (i.e., beneficence) as a holistic view of all the dimensions and dynamics of SDVs. Besides, a framework, namely, TrustFSDV, that designates a transitional roadmap with delegated responsibilities and liabilities along with the desired performance indicators, is proposed for the stakeholders to pursue in ensuring a sufficient level of trust within the concepts of human-vehicle integration and society-vehicle harmonisation -inducing the advancement of SDVs and acceptance of them by the society -while the future is being revolutionised by SDVs. To conclude the key findings in this research, i) although instant trust can be gained through hard work, it can be lost readily without forward-thinking during the life-cycle of SDVs, ii) a high level of trustworthiness cannot only be achieved by manufacturers, it requires the strict collaboration of all the stakeholders with distributed responsibilities and liabilities while moulding the requirements of the stakeholders in a system under the supervision of related disciplines, iii) the manufacturers along with the press shall not ignore the real technical limitations of the SDV technology when communicating about benefits to the potential customers, and iv) drastic steps are needed to be taken concerning ethical and legal perspectives, which is perceived as the primary concern beyond technology to build and maintain a high level of trustworthiness.INDEX TERMS Autonomous vehicles, self-driving vehicles, autonomy in vehicles, trust in self-driving, vehicle teleportation.

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Section: ) Real-world Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Real-world Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trust From the Perspective Of Users Pedestrians And Other Tr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Verification Of Trustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Verification Of Trustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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TrustFSDV: Framework for Building and Maintaining Trust in Self-Driving Vehicles

Kuru

2022

IEEE Access

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Investigating levels of remote operation in high-level on-road autonomous vehicles using operator sequence diagrams

Parr,

Harvey,

Burnett

et al. 2024

Cogn Tech Work

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The continuing development of autonomous vehicle technology is making the presence of fully autonomous vehicles (SAE Level 5 of Driving Automation) on the road an ever more likely possibility. Similarly, regulation changes show countries are preparing for autonomous vehicles to increase their presence on public roads for both testing and use after sale. With this in mind, solutions to the problem of disengagement from the autonomous driving system by Level 5 vehicles, due to damage, operation outside of expected parameters or software failure among other reasons are being investigated including remote operation. This research aims to give evidence for the inclusion of remote operation into the autonomous driving and define the types of remote operation that may occur from existing literature. The four types of remote operation are Remote Monitoring, Remote Assistance, Remote Management and Remote Driving. Operator sequence diagrams are used to evaluate these types of remote operation in likely scenarios they may occur and draw conclusions about the role and the tasks the operator will be required to complete.

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MetaOmniCity: Toward Immersive Urban Metaverse Cyberspaces Using Smart City Digital Twins

Kuru

2023

IEEE Access

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The movie -The Matrix (1999) -boosted our imagination about how further we can be immersed within the cyber world, i.e., how further the cyber world can be indistinguishable from the real world. Nobody, including the creators, had expected that the aspirational fictional virtual worlds such as ''ActiveWorlds (1995)'' and ''Second Life (2003)'' would impact the way of experiencing our real urban environments with many urban experiences embedded into a rich featured 3D environment. Are we going to stay as ourselves while existing in a mirror world? Are the fabricated, created imaginary worlds becoming a part of real worlds or vice versa? The recent once-in-a-lifetime pandemic has confirmed the importance of location and time-independent Digital Twins (DTs) (i.e., virtual scale models) of cities and their automated services which can provide everybody with equity and accessibility. This study analyses how the metaverse (3D elevation of linear Internet), that aims to build high-fidelity virtual worlds with which to interact with, can be engaged within the Smart City (SC) ecosystem with high immersive Quality of Experiences (QoE) leading to increased Quality of Life (QoL). An urban metaverse ecosystem framework -MetaOmniCityis designed to demonstrate a variety of insights and orchestrational directions for policymakers, city planners and all other stakeholders about how to transform data-driven SCs with DTs into virtually inhabitable cities with a network of shared urban experiences from a metaverse point of view. MetaOmniCity, allowing the metaversification of cities with granular virtual societies, i.e., MetaSocieties, and eliminating the boundaries between the real world and their virtual counterparts can be shaped to the particular requirements and features of cities. Urban metaverse shared worlds, an extension of residents and urban society, where the virtual and the physically real blend and are more organically integrated, would impact urban ways of living significantly with many practical implementations. This would open doors for potential businesses with tremendous global economic value by democratising skills/assets within an urban environment, paving the way for immersive globalisation with the bigger and richer metaverse of Country (MoC) and metaverse of World (MoW) being an immersive DT of the broader universe with tangibly connected cities. MetaOmniCity is expected to accelerate the building, deployment, and adoption of immersive urban metaverse networks for citizens to interface with as an extension of real social and individual experiences.INDEX TERMS Metaverse, smart city (SC), digital twins (DTs), avatars, blockchain, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), web 3.0, web3.

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Conceptualisation of Human-on-the-Loop Haptic Teleoperation With Fully Autonomous Self-Driving Vehicles in the Urban Environment

Cited by 23 publications

References 69 publications

TrustFSDV: Framework for Building and Maintaining Trust in Self-Driving Vehicles

TrustFSDV: Framework for Building and Maintaining Trust in Self-Driving Vehicles

Investigating levels of remote operation in high-level on-road autonomous vehicles using operator sequence diagrams

MetaOmniCity: Toward Immersive Urban Metaverse Cyberspaces Using Smart City Digital Twins

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