“…Although much effort has been devoted to conceptualizing a branding theory or model that might assist managers in formulating a coherent branding strategy, i.e., consumer-based brand equity (CBBE), existing models have had a more specific focus, such as: 1) the traditional exchange of goods perspective or the goods-dominant logic, where physical attributes such as products, packaging, store image, distribution intensity, price deals, advertisements etc., are considered as marketing offerings; and 2) brand equity components, while disregarding the role of customer experience with service (i.e., service experience). This often results in poor adaptability especially in service-dominant brands (Çifci et al, 2016;Sarker et al, 2019) such as hotels, banks, transportation, and healthcare.…”