Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Discrimination in Health Research

Landrine, Hope; Klonoff, Elizabeth A.; Corral, Irma; Fernandez, Senaida; Roesch, Scott C.

doi:10.1007/s10865-005-9029-0

Cited by 301 publications

(372 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Previous studies support these differences, despite the wide range of rates reported. 4,5,[43][44][45] However, caution must be used when comparing racism prevalence across studies that use different measures and response metrics. For example, our prevalence rates for health care racism are similar to studies with comparable administration modes, questions, and samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Racism and Its Association With Cancer-Related Health Behaviors

2010

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Objectives. We used population-based survey data to estimate the prevalence of self-reported racism across racial/ethnic groups and to evaluate the association between self-reported racism and cancer-related health behaviors. Methods. We used cross-sectional data from the 2003 California Health Interview Survey. Questions measured self-reported racism in general and in health care. The cancer risk behaviors we assessed were smoking, binge drinking, not walking, being overweight or obese, and not being up to date with screenings for breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancers. Analyses included descriptive analyses and logistic regression. Results. Prevalences of self-reported racism varied between and within aggregate racial/ethnic groups. In adjusted analyses, general racism was associated with smoking, binge drinking, and being overweight or obese; health care racism was associated with not being up to date with screening for prostate cancer. Associations varied across racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions. Associations between general racism and lifestyle behaviors suggest that racism is a potential stressor that may shape cancer-related health behaviors, and its impact may vary by race/ethnicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Racism and Its Association With Cancer-Related Health Behaviors

2010

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“…For example, Krieger's items were recently shown to be reliable and significantly associated with psychological distress in African Americans, Latinos, and Whites (Krieger, Smith, Naishadham, Hartman, & Barbeau, 2005). Her measure also has good convergent validity, based on its association with scores on the Schedule of Racist Events (Klonoff & Landrine, 1999), a validated instrument for African Americans that was generalized to apply across ethnic groups and then validated in African Americans, Whites, Latinos, and Asian Americans (Landrine, Klonoff, Corral, Fernandez, & Roesch, 2006). Birth Outcomes-Research nurses collected birth outcome data from medical charts.…”

Section: Pregnancy-related Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial differences in birth outcomes: The role of general, pregnancy, and racism stress.

Dominguez¹,

Dunkel-Schetter²,

Glynn³

et al. 2008

Health Psychology

274

283

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Objective-This study examined the role of psychosocial stress in racial differences in birth outcomes.Design-Maternal health, sociodemographic factors, and 3 forms of stress (general stress, pregnancy stress, and perceived racism) were assessed prospectively in a sample of 51 African American and 73 non-Hispanic White pregnant women.Main Outcome Measures-The outcomes of interest were birth weight and gestational age at delivery. Only predictive models of birth weight were tested as the groups did not differ significantly in gestational age.Results-Perceived racism and indicators of general stress were correlated with birth weight and tested in regression analyses. In the sample as a whole, lifetime and childhood indicators of perceived racism predicted birth weight and attenuated racial differences, independent of medical and sociodemographic control variables. Models within each race group showed that perceived racism was a significant predictor of birth weight in African Americans, but not in non-Hispanic Whites.Conclusions-These findings provide further evidence that racism may play an important role in birth outcome disparities, and they are among the first to indicate the significance of psychosocial factors that occur early in the life course for these specific health outcomes. Keywords stress; racism; pregnancy; birth weight; health disparities African Americans are twice as likely as non-Hispanic Whites, the most common referent group, to die before their first birthday (Mathews, Menacker, & MacDorman, 2004). In this Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Tyan Parker Dominguez, School of Social Work, SWC 224, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0411, or Christine Dunkel-Schetter, Department of Psychology, 405 Hilgard Avenue, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563. tyanpark@usc.edu or dunkel@psych.ucla.edu. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptHealth Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 May 12. Published in final edited form as:Health Psychol. 2008 March ; 27(2): 194-203. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.194. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript country, low birth weight (LBW; <2,500 g) and preterm delivery (PTD; <37 weeks) are leading causes of infant death in the overall population, behind congenital anomalies, and the leading causes of death for African American infants (Mathews et al., 2004). Compared with White infants, African American infants have two times the rate of LBW and PTD, and three times the rate of very low birth weight (<1,500 g) and very preterm delivery (<32 weeks) (Martin et al., 2005). These poorer birth outcomes have serious implications not only for infant survival, but also for childhood growth and development (e.g., Botting, Powls, Cooke, & Marlow, 1998) and some important health outcomes in adulthood (e.g., Rich-Edwards et al, 1997). Thus, understanding and eventually eliminating racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes is a major public health priority in the United ...

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“…Consistent with the theory of social disorganization, ecological factors, such as drug trafficking, gangs and less neighborhood cohesion, may impact adolescents through a lack of community norms against drug use (Pantin et al, 2003) or the absence of informal social controls (Newcomb & Felix-Ortiz, 1992). Furthermore, paternal drug abuse/HIV, as well as membership in a racial/ethnic minority group, may increase the youth's (perceived) discrimination (Roth et al, 1994), which has also been associated with adolescent substance use (Landrine et al, 2006;Vakalahi, 2001). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for distress in the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers

Brook

Rubenstone

et al. 2008

AIDS Care

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In contrast to previous research on parental drug abuse, the present study examined comorbid drug addiction and HIV infection in the father as related to his adolescent child's psychological distress. Individual structured interviews were administered to 505 HIV-positive and HIV-negative drugabusing fathers and one of their children, aged 12-20. Structural equation modeling tested an hypothesized model linking paternal latent variables, ecological factors, and adolescent substance use to adolescent distress. Results demonstrated a direct pathway between paternal and adolescent distress, as well as an indirect pathway; namely, paternal distress was linked with paternal teaching of coping skills to the child, which in turn was related to adolescent substance use and, ultimately, to the adolescent's distress. There was also an association between paternal drug addiction/HIV and adolescent distress, which was mediated by both ecological factors and adolescent substance use. Findings suggest an increased risk for distress in the adolescent children of fathers with comorbid drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, which may be further complicated by paternal distress. Results suggest several opportunities for prevention and treatment programs for the children of drug-abusing fathers.

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Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Discrimination in Health Research

Cited by 301 publications

References 71 publications

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Racism and Its Association With Cancer-Related Health Behaviors

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Racism and Its Association With Cancer-Related Health Behaviors

Racial differences in birth outcomes: The role of general, pregnancy, and racism stress.

Risk factors for distress in the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers

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