Conceptus dose from two state-of-the-art CT scanners.

Wagner, Louis K.; Archer, Ben; Zeck, Otto

doi:10.1148/radiology.159.3.3704158

Cited by 29 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…However, CT requires patient transport away from the resuscitation suite and use of iodinated contrast, which carries with it the risk of anaphylaxis and renal toxicity. Furthermore, the use of ionizing radiation may be harmful to the fetus, especially during the embryonic period1. The main focus of FAST has been the detection of FF, which is assumed to represent hemoperitoneum17.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ultrasonography has many advantages: it is expedient, portable, and non‐invasive. In pregnant patients, ultrasound is particularly useful as it avoids exposure to radiation that may be harmful to the developing fetus1. FAST involves scanning the right upper quadrant including the hepatorenal fossa, the left upper quadrant including the perisplenic region, the right and left paracolic gutters, and the pelvis to detect free fluid (FF)2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pelvic free fluid: clinical importance for reproductive age women with blunt abdominal trauma

Ormsby

Geng

McGahan

et al. 2005

Ultrasound in Obstet & Gyne

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pelvic free fluid: clinical importance for reproductive age women with blunt abdominal trauma

Ormsby

Geng

McGahan

et al. 2005

Ultrasound in Obstet & Gyne

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“…232 CTDI obtained at the center of a 32 cm diam acrylic cylinder can overestimate the embryo dose by a factor of 3, 233 and alternatives to CTDI should be used to estimate the radiation dose to the conceptus. Wagner et al 234 performed measurements using ionization chambers of surface and central axis doses in plastic/water phantoms, and generated dose data that could be used to guide the management of pregnant patients who may have had ͑or need͒ a CT scan. Panzer and Zankl 235 reported on a method for estimating embryo dose resulting from CT, which combined free-inair measurements at the scanner isocenter with estimates of the embryo dose obtained using Monte Carlo techniques.…”

Section: Vd Pediatric and Pregnant Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of patient dosimetry in diagnostic radiology in the USA for the past

2008

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This review covers the role of medical physics in addressing issues directly related to patient dosimetry in radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, and CT. The sections on radiography and fluoroscopy radiation doses review the changes that have occurred during the last 50 to 60 years. A number of technological improvements have contributed to both a significant reduction in patient and staff radiation doses and improvements to the image quality during this period of time. There has been a transition from film-screen radiography with hand dip film processing to electronic digital imaging utilizing CR and DR. Similarly, fluoroscopy has progressed by directly viewing image intensifiers in darkened rooms to modern flat panel image receptor systems utilizing pulsed radiation, automated variable filtration, and digitally processed images. Mammography is one of the most highly optimized imaging procedures performed, because it is a repetitive screening procedure that results in annual radiation exposure. Mammography is also the only imaging procedure in the United States in which the radiation dose is regulated by the federal government. Consequently, many medical physicists have studied the dosimetry associated with screen-film and digital mammography. In this review, a brief history of mammography dose assessment by medical physicists is discussed. CT was introduced into clinical practice in the early 1970s, and has grown into one of the most important modalities available for diagnostic imaging. CT dose quantities and measurement techniques are described, and values of radiation dose for different types of scanner are presented. Organ and effective doses to adult patients are surveyed from the earliest single slice scanners, to the latest versions that include up to two x-ray tubes and can incorporate as many as 256 detector channels. An overview is provided of doses received by pediatric patients undergoing CT examinations, as well as methods, and results, of studies performed to assess the radiation absorbed by the conceptus of pregnant patients.

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“…In the current study the term "conceptus" is used because conceptus refers to the entire gestation period, whereas fetus and embryo are temporally restricted terms [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy and diagnostic X-rays

Damilakis

2004

Eur Radiol Suppl

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Diagnostic X-ray examinations are carried out in pregnant patients in clinical practice either accidentally or because of clinical urgency. In these cases, estimation of the risk to the conceptus is of paramount importance. The risk is dependent on the gestational age and the amount of radiation dose absorbed by the conceptus. Under normal operating conditions, conceptus doses from extra-abdominal examinations are lower than 1 mGy. In the case of examinations involving the abdomen or pelvis, doses to the embryo may be considerably higher in comparison with extra-abdominal examinations. In such cases, detailed assessment of dose to the conceptus is necessary. Doses to the unborn child below 100 mGy should not be considered a reason for termination of pregnancy. Counselling the pregnant patient regarding the risks of the diagnostic X-ray examination is essential. Deterministic effects have a threshold of 100 mGy or higher. This dose is higher than that expected from the overwhelming majority of the diagnostic X-ray examinations. As a result of radiation exposure, the conceptus is assumed to be at risk for stochastic effects, mainly childhood cancer, leukaemia and hereditary effects. The risk for radiationinduced childhood fatal cancer is about 6% per Gy. Risk estimates for genetic effects have been estimated to be about 1% per Gy. Pregnant workers are also exposed to diagnostic X-rays. The protection provided for the conceptus of the worker should be comparable to that of the general public (1 mGy) during the declared pregnancy. A radiation protection program for pregnant staff working at diagnostic radiology departments should be implemented to control conceptus exposure and assist the pregnant woman in obtaining the information necessary to continue her job safely.

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Conceptus dose from two state-of-the-art CT scanners.

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Pelvic free fluid: clinical importance for reproductive age women with blunt abdominal trauma

Pelvic free fluid: clinical importance for reproductive age women with blunt abdominal trauma

Overview of patient dosimetry in diagnostic radiology in the USA for the past

Pregnancy and diagnostic X-rays

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