Conclusion: Past and Present Reindeer Herding in Dialogue

Salmi, Anna-Kaisa; Soppela, Päivi; Kynkäänniemi, Sanna-Mari; Wallén, Henri

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98643-8_9

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…DF1, mostly composed of animals from Finland and Norway, emerged around 8-6 kya and is likely the signal of reindeer that migrated to Fennoscandia from East Asia after the EuroBeringian Expansion. Along similar lines, recent studies argue (Bjørklund, 2019;Salmi & Seitsonen, 2022) that the reindeer involved in the transition to large-scale herding in Fennoscandia (from limited domestic reindeer in a hunting livelihood before) actually were "imported" from the East, from Russia, and not domesticated from wild Fennoscandian herds. Correspondingly, in Sámi oral history the herding of domestic reindeer with ancestry from the East was considered more prestigious than those of local semi-domesticated ones from Fennoscandia, as the animals from the East were more docile than those tamed from local Fennoscandian herds (Salmi & Seitsonen, 2022).…”

Section: First Y Insights Into the Population History Of Wild And Dom...mentioning

confidence: 90%

Inferences about the population history of Rangifer tarandus from Y chromosome and mtDNA phylogenies

Bozlak,

Pokharel,

Weldenegodguad

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Reindeer, called caribou in North America, has a circumpolar distribution and all extant populations belong to the same species (Rangifer tarandus). It has survived the Holocene thanks to its immense adaptability and successful coexistence with humans in different forms of hunting and herding cultures. Here, we examine the paternal and maternal history of Rangifer based on robust Y‐chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) trees representing Eurasian tundra reindeer, Finnish forest reindeer, Svalbard reindeer, Alaska tundra caribou, and woodland caribou. We first assembled Y‐chromosomal contigs, representing 1.3 Mb of single‐copy Y regions. Based on 545 Y‐chromosomal and 458 mtDNA SNPs defined in 55 males, maximum parsimony trees were created. We observed two well separated clades in both phylogenies: the “EuroBeringian clade” formed by animals from Arctic Islands, Eurasia, and a few from North America and the “North American clade” formed only by caribou from North America. The time calibrated Y tree revealed an expansion and dispersal of lineages across continents after the Last Glacial Maximum. We show for the first time unique paternal lineages in Svalbard reindeer and Finnish forest reindeer and reveal a circumscribed Y haplogroup in Fennoscandian tundra reindeer. The Y chromosome in domesticated reindeer is markedly diverse indicating that several male lineages have undergone domestication and less intensive selection on males. This study places R. tarandus onto the list of species with resolved Y and mtDNA phylogenies and builds the basis for studies of the distribution and origin of paternal and maternal lineages in the future.

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Section: First Y Insights Into the Population History Of Wild And Dom...mentioning

confidence: 90%

Inferences about the population history of Rangifer tarandus from Y chromosome and mtDNA phylogenies

Bozlak,

Pokharel,

Weldenegodguad

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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“…The reindeer herders have displayed resilience in the face of climate change as well. Herders rely heavily on their traditional ecological knowledge, skills, and technology to navigate the difficult landscape and rapidly changing weather conditions (Vuojala-Magga 2009, Rasmus et al 2022, Salmi et al 2022. As climate change is drastically altering the once highly recognizable landscape, herders have incorporated modern technology and knowledge to complement their traditional skill set (Rasmus et al 2022).…”

Section: Situating the "Normal"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Bodies in Extreme Environments

Ocobock

2023

Annu. Rev. Anthropol.

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Human habitation and adaptation to extreme environments have a deep history in anthropological research. Anthropologists’ understanding of these ecological pressures and how humans respond to them has grown substantially over the last 100+ years. This review covers long-standing knowledge on adaptation to classic extreme conditions of heat, cold, and high altitude, while also updating the areas in which recent research has broadened our understanding of human adaptation, acclimatization, and resilience. Unfortunately, the intersecting stresses of structural inequality and climate change have made these extremes more extreme, with drastic negative impacts on health and well-being. Future research will need to explore how extreme environments, structural inequality, and climate change are embodied as well as mitigated so that humans are better prepared to face a rapidly changing world.

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“…The impacts of climate change and difficult weather and snow conditions on herding and seasonal herder coping strategies have recently been reviewed in detail (Rasmus, Horstkotte, et al, 2022; Rasmus, Lehtonen, et al, 2022; Rasmus, Turunen, et al, 2020; Turunen et al, 2016). Herders have coped with adverse weather conditions for centuries using their knowledge and skills; this knowledge is known as traditional (ecological) knowledge (TK/TEK), local knowledge (LK), or practitioner's knowledge (Berkes, 1999; Rasmus, Horstkotte, et al, 2022; Salmi et al, 2022). New knowledge and practices are accumulated, incorporated, exchanged within the herding community, and transmitted from one generation to another (Rasmus, Horstkotte, et al, 2022; Salmi et al, 2022; Turunen & Vuojala‐Magga, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Herders have coped with adverse weather conditions for centuries using their knowledge and skills; this knowledge is known as traditional (ecological) knowledge (TK/TEK), local knowledge (LK), or practitioner's knowledge (Berkes, 1999; Rasmus, Horstkotte, et al, 2022; Salmi et al, 2022). New knowledge and practices are accumulated, incorporated, exchanged within the herding community, and transmitted from one generation to another (Rasmus, Horstkotte, et al, 2022; Salmi et al, 2022; Turunen & Vuojala‐Magga, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This also raises the question whether the transfer of TK/TEK from older to younger generations is diminishing. This inter‐generational link is crucial for the preservation and transfer of TK/TEK (Berkes, 1999; Jaakkola et al, 2018; Salmi et al, 2022). Finally, climate change may also create conditions which have never before been experienced and cannot necessarily be predicted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of winter warming and more frequent icing events on reindeer herder occupational safety, health, and wellbeing

Ocobock

Turunen

Soppela

et al. 2022

American J Hum Biol

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Background Northern Finland, like the rest of the Arctic, has experienced increases in mean annual temperature, the number of winter rains, the number of thaw–freeze days, the number of extremely warm weather events, and a shortened snow season. These changes have produced numerous problems for reindeer herders whose livelihoods rely on a healthy ecosystem with predictable weather patterns. Methods We performed a scoping literature review to assess how climate change induced extreme weather has negatively impacted reindeer herding as well as the health and wellbeing of reindeer herders. Results Late snow cover negatively impacts reindeer herding through a more widely dispersed herd that increases the work to gather reindeer, leads to reduced calf weight, and results in less meat for sale. This increased labor, especially in extreme cold conditions, can also negatively impact reindeer herder health. Icing due to thaw–freeze and rain‐on‐snow events makes it impossible for reindeer to dig through the snow to access lichens, increasing the need for reindeer herders to keep the herd in winter enclosures and provide supplemental feed. Conclusion Climate change induced weather events such as late snow cover and icing increase reindeer herder efforts and expenses, put their livelihood at risk, and put their health at risk.

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Conclusion: Past and Present Reindeer Herding in Dialogue

Cited by 3 publications

References 53 publications

Inferences about the population history of Rangifer tarandus from Y chromosome and mtDNA phylogenies

Inferences about the population history of Rangifer tarandus from Y chromosome and mtDNA phylogenies

Human Bodies in Extreme Environments

The impact of winter warming and more frequent icing events on reindeer herder occupational safety, health, and wellbeing

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