Concomitant contact dermatitis due to textile dyes and to colour film developers can be explained by the formation of the same hapten

Abstract

p-phenylenediamine derivatives are widely used in industry and in cosmetics, and several of them are well-known sensitizers. One group of allergenic p-phenylenediamine derivatives are used as colour film developers. Cross-reactivity between the colour film developers has been reported. In this paper, an occupational facial dermatitis due to colour film developers is described. The patient reacted to colour film developers (CD-1, CD-2, CD-3, and CD-4), but not to other p-phenylenediamine derivatives tested. He also showed allergic reactions to Disperse Blue 106 and Disperse Blue 124 and to Disperse Red 17, but not to Disperse Orange 3. The activation of the colour film developers by oxidation at physiological pH was analysed with chemical methods, and the mechanism responsible for the concomitant reactivities to the colour film developers and the disperse dyes at a molecular level is discussed.

Hypertrophic Lichenoid Eruption Caused by Exposure to Colour Film Developer Used for Motion Picture Film

“…Previous reports speculated that the lichenoid eruption occurred not due to direct contact with the offending agent, but rather systemic sensitisation from inhalation of CD-2 [9,10]. However, in our case and in those of other authors [5,7,11], the eruption occurred at sites of direct contact.…”

Allergic contact dermatitis from 2‐chloro‐p‐phenylenediamine in a cream dye for eyelashes and eyebrows

“…The possibility of a common hapten has been discussed, with the substituent on nitrogen which can be lost at oxidation (1). Furthermore, cross‐reactivities between azo dyes in clothes and PPD have been proposed, though in some cases, chemical reactions could explain concomitant reactions (2). However, chloro‐PPD as well as most other hair‐colouring PPD‐derivatives have their substituents covalently bound to the aromatic ring, and concomitant reactions to these PPD derivatives are probably due to cross‐sensitivity.…”

Substituent Effects on the Reactivity of Benzoquinone Derivatives with Thiols

“…Quinones have been used as analytical reagents, 1 polymer modifiers, 2 photoresistors, 3 catalysts, 4 herbicides, 5 fungicides, 5,6 and plant-growth regulators. 7 BQ is also broadly used in tanning, dyes, 1 cosmetics 8 and non-prescription forms of skin lightening cosmetics. 9–11 The widespread domestic and industrial use of BQ and its products results in a significant human population being exposed to quinones.…”