Concomitants of paranoia in the general population

Freeman, Daniel; McManus, Sally; Brugha, Terry; Meltzer, H.; Jenkins, Rachel; Bebbington, Paul

doi:10.1017/s0033291710001546

Cited by 251 publications

(227 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Several studies have implicated a role for stressful events in the aetiology of general psychotic symptoms (e.g., Bebbington et al, 1993;Freeman et al, 2011) but results have been inconsistent (Chung et al, 1986;Van Os et al, 1994). It is possible that these varying results have been caused by the presence of unrecognised moderating factors, which may 'amplify' or 'buffer' the association between an input and an outcome variable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shame amplifies the association between stressful life events and paranoia amongst young adults using mental health services: Implications for understanding risk and psychological resilience

Johnson¹,

Jones²,

Lin³

et al. 2014

Psychiatry Research

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Shame is associated with a range of psychological disorders, and is a trans-diagnostic moderator of the association between stressors and symptoms of disorder. However, research has yet to investigate shame in relation to specific psychotic symptoms in clinical groups. In order to address this, the present study investigated shame in young adults with mental health problems, to test whether shame was i) directly associated with paranoia, a prevalent psychotic symptom, and ii) a moderator of the association between stress and paranoia . Sixty participants completed measures of stressful events, paranoia, shame, depression and anxiety.Results from a cross-sectional regression analysis suggested that shame was associated with paranoia after the stressful life event measure was entered into the model, and shame moderated the association between stress and paranoia. For individuals scoring high on shame, shame amplified the association between stress and paranoia, but for low-shame individuals, the association between stress and paranoia was non-significant. These findings suggest that high levels of shame could confer vulnerability for paranoia amongst clinical groups, and that resistance to experiencing shame could be a marker of resilience.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shame amplifies the association between stressful life events and paranoia amongst young adults using mental health services: Implications for understanding risk and psychological resilience

Johnson¹,

Jones²,

Lin³

et al. 2014

Psychiatry Research

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“…Previous studies concerning these issues (11,13,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) were more narrowly focused on specific populations and less multidimensional in the assessment of paranoid ideation. We chose to evaluate paranoid schizophrenia in continuity with normal paranoia experiences as a way to study paranoid ideation and of clarifying its etiology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional, cognitive and behavioral reactions to paranoid symptoms in clinical and nonclinical populations

Carvalho¹,

Pinto‐Gouveia²,

Peixoto³

et al. 2014

Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses

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Background: Paranoia is a disruptive belief that can vary across a continuum, ranging from persecutory delusions presented in clinical settings to paranoid cognitions that are highly prevalent in the general population. The literature suggests that paranoid thoughts derive from the activation of a paranoid schema or information processing biases that can be sensitive to socially ambiguous stimuli and influence the processing of threatening situations. Method: Four groups (Schizophrenic participants in active psychotic phases, n=6; stable participants in remission, n=30; participants' relatives, n=32; and healthy controls, n=64) were assessed with self-report questionnaires to

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“…One of the clearest demonstrations of this is that a significant minority of the non-clinical general population can have paranoid thoughts about neutral computer characters in immersive virtual reality social situations . Paranoia is associated with youth, poverty, isolation, stress, use of cannabis, and a range of mental health disorders (Freeman et al, 2011), although the direction of these associations is yet to be definitively established. It is also associated linked with a range of adverse life experiences (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptualising paranoia in ASD: A systematic review and development of a theoretical framework

Spain

Sin

Freeman

2016

Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Paranoia, unfounded ideation that others deliberately intend harm, has predominately been studied in schizophrenia. Increasingly, it is recognised that there is a spectrum of severity of excessive mistrust across the general population. Relatively little is known about paranoia in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but rates could be expected to be higher given both difficulties in understanding others' mental states and frequent experiences of negative social interactions. A systematic search of English-language peer-reviewed publications was undertaken to synthesise empirical research about paranoia in ASD. Seven studies, comprising a total of 180 ASD participants, met the inclusion criteria. All the studies were cross-sectional, thereby limiting causal interpretations. Individuals with ASD were consistently found to have higher levels of paranoia compared to non-clinical controls, and lower levels than individuals with current psychotic experiences manifesting in the context of schizophrenia. Furthermore, the initial evidence indicates that paranoia in ASD may be linked with theory of mind performance, negative affect, and jumping to conclusions, but not to attributional style. As in typically-developing populations, causal and maintaining mechanisms for paranoia in ASD, against a background of genetic and environmental risk, most likely include cognitive and affective processes interacting with social factors. We hypothesise, however, that core ASD characteristics and associated neurocognitive impairments also serve to precipitate and perpetuate paranoia. A framework to guide further investigation is outlined. Conceptualising paranoia in ASD 1 AbstractParanoia, unfounded fears ideation that others deliberately intend harm, has predominately been studied in schizophrenia. Increasingly, it is recognised that there is a spectrum of severity of excessive mistrust across the general population. Relatively little is known about paranoia in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but rates could be expected to be higher given both difficulties in understanding others' mental states and frequent experiences of negative social interactions. A systematic search of English-language peer-reviewed publications was undertaken to synthesise empirical research about paranoia in ASD. Seven studies, comprising a total of 180 ASD participants, met the inclusion criteria.All the studies were cross-sectional, thereby limiting causal interpretations. Individuals with ASD were consistently found to have higher levels of paranoia compared to non-clinical controls, and lower levels than individuals with current psychotic experiences manifesting in the context of schizophrenia. Furthermore, the initial evidence indicates that paranoia in ASD may be linked with theory of mind performance, negative affect, and jumping to conclusions, but not to attributional style. As in typically-developing populations, causal and maintaining mechanisms for paranoia in ASD, against a background of genetic and environ...

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Concomitants of paranoia in the general population

Abstract: Overall, the results indicate that paranoia has the widest of implications for health, emotional well-being, social functioning and social inclusion. Some of these concomitants may contribute to the emergence of paranoid thinking, while others may result from it.

Cited by 251 publications

References 57 publications

Shame amplifies the association between stressful life events and paranoia amongst young adults using mental health services: Implications for understanding risk and psychological resilience

Shame amplifies the association between stressful life events and paranoia amongst young adults using mental health services: Implications for understanding risk and psychological resilience

Emotional, cognitive and behavioral reactions to paranoid symptoms in clinical and nonclinical populations

Conceptualising paranoia in ASD: A systematic review and development of a theoretical framework

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