Concurrent endurance and resistance training enhances muscular adaptations in individuals with metabolic syndrome

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to determine if concurrent training (endurance and resistance in a single session) elicits leg muscular adaptations beyond the ones obtained by endurance training alone in sedentary individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Sixty‐six MetS individuals (37% women, age 56 ± 7 years, BMI 32 ± 5 kg m−2 and 3.8 ± 0.8 MetS factors) were randomized to undergo one of the following 16‐week isocaloric exercise programs: (i) 4 + 1 bouts of 4 min at 90% of HRMAX of intense aerobic cycling (IAC + IAC group; n = 33), (ii) 4 IAC bouts followed by 3 sets of 12 repetitions of 3 lower‐limb free‐weight exercises (IAC + RT group; n = 33). We measured the effects of training on maximal cycling power, leg press maximum strength (1RM), countermovement jump height (CMJ), and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) at workloads ranging from 10% to 100% of baseline 1RM leg press. After intervention, MetS components (Z‐score) improved similarly in both groups (p = 0.002). Likewise, maximal cycling power during a ramp test improved similarly in both groups (time effect p < 0.001). However, leg press 1RM improved more in IAC + RT than in IAC + IAC (47 ± 5 vs 13 ± 5 kg, respectively, interaction p < 0.001). CMJ only improved with IAC + RT (0.8 ± 0.2 cm, p = 0.001). Leg press MPV at heavy loads (ie, 80%–100% 1RM) improved more with concurrent training (0.12 ± 0.01 vs 0.06 ± 0.02 m s−1, interaction p = 0.013). In conclusion, in unconditioned MetS individuals, intense aerobic cycling alone improves leg muscle performance. However, substituting 20% of intense aerobic cycling by resistance training further improves 1RM leg press, MPV at high loads, and jumping ability while providing similar improvement in MetS components.

Effects of a concurrent training, respiratory muscle exercise, and self-management recommendations on recovery from post-COVID-19 conditions: the RECOVE trial

“…We proposed that the training principles of other cardiometabolic, rheumatological, or respiratory diseases ( 14 – 16 ), based on concurrent training (CT) and respiratory muscle training (MR), could be adapted to post-COVID-19 conditions. These chronic noncommunicable diseases are characterized by chronic persistent low-grade inflammation and endothelial damage, as has been described in long COVID ( 17 ).…”

Long‐term effects of different exercise training modes on cytokines and adipokines in individuals with overweight/obesity and cardiometabolic diseases: A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression of randomized controlled trials

“…At the same time, RT only had effects on CRP and Leptin, and COMB exhibited beneficial effects on IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and Leptin. In this sense, given the established benefits of COMB for health, [151][152][153][154] it was expected that this training mode would have a greater potential for reducing the inflammatory state. Interestingly, when compared to AeT, COMB training exhibited a greater effect on CRP and a tendency for a more significant impact on Leptin (P = 0.05), yet with no effect differences compared to RT.…”

Effect of Yearly Exercise on Medication Expense and Benefit–Cost Ratio in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial

“…First, the analysis only includes spending on drugs for the management of MetS (hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) and does not include costs of other health goods and services like inpatient and outpatient services and long-term care services (31). Second, our study only included one type of exercise program (i.e., high-intensity interval aerobic exercise), whereas some evidence suggests that including strength training improves the management of MetS, particularly insulin sensitivity (44) and muscle adaptations (45). In contrast, a major strength and novelty of the study is that we performed a 5-yr follow-up supervised exercise training after a compensated randomization of MetS individuals, and that allow us to directly assess the effect of lifestyle therapy (i.e., exercise training) on pharmacy expenses in comparison to the control group.…”