Concurrent exercise training on hyperglycemia and comorbidities associated: Non‐responders using clinical cutoff points

Abstract

This study examined the effects of a 20‐week concurrent training (CT, ie, resistance plus endurance training) intervention on cardiovascular risk factors, such as body composition, blood pressure, and lipid profile among adult women with hyperglycemia. A secondary aim was to report prevalence of non‐responders for the different study outcomes. Physically inactive overweight/obese and hyperglycemic adult women (42 ± 6 years; BMI = 30.9 ± 4.8 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a 20‐week CT intervention group or a control (non‐exercise) group (CG) (n = 14/group). Cardiovascular risk factors for body composition (body mass, waist circumference [WC], fat mass, and lean mass), blood pressure, and lipid profile (total, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose) were assessed before and after the 20‐week intervention. Our results show that a CT intervention results in a reduction of comorbidities in terms of abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk in adult women with hyperglycemia by decreasing WC and improving lipid profile in “mean” terms. At the individual level, after CT, some subjects changed their status from a “high” to a “low” cardiovascular risk in terms of WC, while others changed from hypertension to either high blood pressure or normotension, or from high blood pressure to normotension, and others changed from hypercholesterolemia/dyslipidemia to normocholesterolemia. Overall, there were ~30%, 50%, and 20% of individuals in the CT exercise group who showed no change/adverse response for body composition, blood pressure, and lipid profile, respectively, after the 20‐week CT intervention.

Oscillatory pattern of glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus

“…It has been described that not all patients display the same glycemic control during different states and treatments, which is called interindividual variability 30 . Accordingly, in the present study, we determined hyperglycemia's (> 50% of 24 h, clinical cut-off > 180 mg/dL) 31 and euglycemia's during the day and night phases, between females and males with T1D.…”

The Effects of Two Different Concurrent Training Configurations on Markers of Metabolic Syndrome and Fitness in Women With Severe/Morbid Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial

“…The exercises were then applied in different session orders by the two groups (HIIT+RT, n =17), and resistance training plus high-intensity interval training (RT+HIIT, n =17). The sample size was calculated by G*Power software, and by using the observed delta changes in FPG after previous CT exercise interventions of −4.0mg/dl, and a standard deviation of 1.0mg/dl ( Álvarez et al, 2019 ). Thus, a sample with a minimum of four cases per group (minimum sample of n =8), gave us an alpha error of α =0.05, and a β =0.80.…”

“…Second, in the RT section, three out of four RT exercises were included (according to the planning week), targeting the following different muscle groups: (1) forearm (2) knee flexors and extensors (3) trunk (4) chest (5) shoulder elevators (6) horizontal shoulder flexors (7) extensors, and finally (8) plantar flexors. These exercises were performed in three sets of as many repetitions (continuous concentric/eccentric voluntary contraction) as possible in 60s, followed by 60–120s of passive recovery, as previously reported ( Álvarez et al, 2019 ). To estimate the intensity of work in the different RT exercise, the maximum dynamic muscular strength (1RM) was estimated indirectly through the Brzycki formula ( Brzycki, 1993 ), with fewer than 12 maximum repetitions.…”

Physiological Effects and Inter-Individual Variability to 12 Weeks of High Intensity-Interval Training and Dietary Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Adult Women

“…Following this, recent literature has dichotomously classified individuals as either “responders/non-responders” or “high responders (HiRes)/low responders (LoRes)” using a pre-determined threshold. The most commonly used criteria are: clinical cut-off points ( Mann et al, 2014 ; Parr et al, 2016 ; Álvarez et al, 2019 ), within-subjects coefficient of variation (CV) ( Scharhag-Rosenberger et al, 2012 ; Astorino and Schubert, 2014 ), typical error of measurement (TE) ( Ross et al, 2015 ; Montero and Lundby, 2017 ), or two times the typical error (2x TE) ( Bouchard et al, 2012 ; Bonafiglia et al, 2016 , 2018 ; Gurd et al, 2016 ; Raleigh et al, 2016 ; Álvarez et al, 2017a ; de Lannoy et al, 2017 ; Astorino et al, 2018 ). Concerning exercise, most studies have focused on heterogeneity of the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) adaptations to training ( Bouchard and Rankinen, 2001 ; Scharhag-Rosenberger et al, 2012 ; Ross et al, 2015 , 2019 ; Williamson et al, 2017 ).…”