“…The damage variable is assumed as a scalar for isotropic damage models, and is typically defined as where A is the total cross-sectional area of the mesoscale representative volume element (RVE), trueA˜ is the effective cross-sectional area. The development of CDM provides a new approach to study the damage process and failure for different structures with different materials (Fan et al., 2020; Park et al., 2021; Sun, 2018; Sun and Xu, 2021; Sun et al., 2019). Based on CDM, Chaboche and Lesne (1988), Lemaitre (1987), Lemaitre and Desmorat (2005) successively proposed several models for fatigue damage, which were frequently introduced into studies for finite element simulation of CFCI (Cui et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2016; Jie et al., 2018; Sun, 2018; Zheng and Wang, 2020).…”