Concurrent Rabies and Canine Distemper Encephalitis in a Raccoon (<i>Procyon Lotor</i>)

Hamir, Amir N.; Summers, B. A.; Rupprecht, Charles E.

doi:10.1177/104063879801000218

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Serological surveys revealed CDV exposition of members of the family Procyonidae including predominantly raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) [70], but also pygmy racoons ( Procyon pygmaeus ) [71]. Spontaneous clinical distemper has been reported in sylvatic and urban populations of raccoons [68], [72], while vaccination-induced distemper is reported in kinkajous ( Potos flavus ) [73]. Clinical signs in raccoons resemble those in dogs and must be differentiated from rabies in cases with neurologic signs [72].…”

Section: Distemper In Carnivore Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spontaneous clinical distemper has been reported in sylvatic and urban populations of raccoons [68], [72], while vaccination-induced distemper is reported in kinkajous ( Potos flavus ) [73]. Clinical signs in raccoons resemble those in dogs and must be differentiated from rabies in cases with neurologic signs [72]. Pathology is characterized by blepharoconjunctivitis, rhinitis, occasional pigmentation of the muzzle and footpads with hyperkeratosis, interstitial pneumonia with syncytia and viral inclusion bodies, and demyelinating cerebellar white matter disease [68], [72], [73].…”

Section: Distemper In Carnivore Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical signs in raccoons resemble those in dogs and must be differentiated from rabies in cases with neurologic signs [72]. Pathology is characterized by blepharoconjunctivitis, rhinitis, occasional pigmentation of the muzzle and footpads with hyperkeratosis, interstitial pneumonia with syncytia and viral inclusion bodies, and demyelinating cerebellar white matter disease [68], [72], [73]. Lednicky et al (2004) identified two different American CDV lineages causing raccoon distemper outbreaks in the same area suggesting multiple reintroductions of the virus [74].…”

Section: Distemper In Carnivore Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus—an update

Beineke¹,

Baumgärtner²,

Wohlsein³

2015

One Health

201

153

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Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a pantropic morbillivirus with a worldwide distribution, which causes fatal disease in dogs. Affected animals develop dyspnea, diarrhea, neurological signs and profound immunosuppression. Systemic CDV infection, resembling distemper in domestic dogs, can be found also in wild canids (e.g. wolves, foxes), procyonids (e.g. raccoons, kinkajous), ailurids (e.g. red pandas), ursids (e.g. black bears, giant pandas), mustelids (e.g. ferrets, minks), viverrids (e.g. civets, genets), hyaenids (e.g. spotted hyenas), and large felids (e.g. lions, tigers). Furthermore, besides infection with the closely related phocine distemper virus, seals can become infected by CDV. In some CDV outbreaks including the mass mortalities among Baikal and Caspian seals and large felids in the Serengeti Park, terrestrial carnivores including dogs and wolves have been suspected as vectors for the infectious agent. In addition, lethal infections have been described in non-carnivore species such as peccaries and non-human primates demonstrating the remarkable ability of the pathogen to cross species barriers. Mutations affecting the CDV H protein required for virus attachment to host-cell receptors are associated with virulence and disease emergence in novel host species. The broad and expanding host range of CDV and its maintenance within wildlife reservoir hosts considerably hampers disease eradication.

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Section: Distemper In Carnivore Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Distemper In Carnivore Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Distemper In Carnivore Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus—an update

Beineke¹,

Baumgärtner²,

Wohlsein³

2015

One Health

201

153

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There are no gross lesions directly associated with rabies virus infection, though affected animals may have superficial cutaneous lesions (i.e., contusions), tooth fractures or gastric foreign bodies as a result of ataxia, incoordination, aggression, and pica. Histopathologic findings include polioencephalomyelitis with perivascular cuffing by lymphocytes and plasma cells throughout cerebrum, brainstem, and spinal cord (Hamir, 2011a;Hamir et al, 1998;Ruprecht et al, 2001). In some cases, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) can be seen ( Fig.…”

Section: Rna Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Procyonidae, Viverridae, Hyenidae, Herpestidae, Eupleridae, and Prionodontidae

Church

Terio

Keel

2018

Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals

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“…Individual animals might be concurrently infected with multiple pathogens, or multiple pathogens might be affecting population demographics at any given time [114], and it may be helpful to understand how rabies epizootics change when individuals and/or populations are being influenced by concurrent infectious disease processes. For example, canine distemper virus (CDV) is known to cause large changes in the population demographics of carnivores [112, 113, 115], and a rabies epizootic in a population already affected by CDV might have a different, or less predictable pattern of spread.…”

Section: Modeling Approaches To Understand Wildlife Rabiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

et al. 2017

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Rabies is an ancient viral disease that significantly impacts human and animal health throughout the world. In the developing parts of the world, dog bites represent the highest risk of rabies infection to people, livestock, and other animals. However, in North America, where several rabies virus variants currently circulate in wildlife, human contact with the raccoon rabies variant leads to the highest per capita population administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Previous rabies variant elimination in raccoons (Canada), foxes (Europe), and dogs and coyotes (United States) demonstrates that elimination of the raccoon variant from the eastern US is feasible, given an understanding of rabies control costs and benefits and the availability of proper tools. Also critical is a cooperatively produced strategic plan that emphasizes collaborative rabies management among agencies and organizations at the landscape scale. Common management strategies, alone or as part of an integrated approach, include the following: oral rabies vaccination (ORV), trap-vaccinate-release (TVR), and local population reduction. As a complement, mathematical and statistical modeling approaches can guide intervention planning, such as through contact networks, circuit theory, individual-based modeling, and others, which can be used to better understand and predict rabies dynamics through simulated interactions among the host, virus, environment, and control strategy. Strategies derived from this ecological lens can then be optimized to produce a management plan that balances the ecological needs and program financial resources. This paper discusses the management and modeling strategies that are currently used, or have been used in the past, and provides a platform of options for consideration while developing raccoon rabies virus elimination strategies in the US.

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Concurrent Rabies and Canine Distemper Encephalitis in a Raccoon (Procyon Lotor)

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus—an update

Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus—an update

Procyonidae, Viverridae, Hyenidae, Herpestidae, Eupleridae, and Prionodontidae

Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

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