Concurrent supplementation effects of dietary formic acid and vitamin D ₃ on the growth, digestive enzyme activities and bone mineralization of pond‐cultured Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings

Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D3 and Vitamin K3 in Gilthead Seabream Larvae (Sparus aurata) in Relation to Growth and Expression of Bone Development-Related Genes

“…Thus, the increase in dietary vitamin D 3 supplementation from 0.06 to 0.13 mg/kg improved the total length of larvae fed the lower dietary vitamin K 3 supplementation level (70 mg/kg). This agrees well with the growth-promoting effect of vitamin D observed in mammals [60] and fish [25,27,61], particularly during early developmental stages [31]. In contrast with the present results, in gilthead seabream juveniles, increased supplementation of vitamin D 3 had only a mild effect on growth improvement [20], confirming the stronger growth-promoting effect and importance of this vitamin in early stages.…”

Physiological function of vitamin D3 in fish

“…VD 3 maintains fish bone development through regulating body mineral homeostasis 80 . This has been confirmed by the fact that increasing dietary VD 3 concentrations improved the retention of phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in yellow catfish 52 ; Ca, P and Mg deposition in juvenile white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) 54 ; and P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, copper (Cu), Zn and manganese (Mn) contents in the bones of mrigal carp ( Cirrhinus mrigala ) fingerlings 81 . Research in zebrafish elucidated the possible mechanism for Ca metabolism regulated by VD 3 in which 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 stimulated epithelial calcium channel (ECaC) gene expression by VDR leading to increased Ca 2+ uptake and circulating Ca 2+ content 48 .…”

“…Formic acid (FA) is an organic acid commonly used as acidifying agent for aquatic feed; this FA appears to interact with VD 3 . Luqman et al, for example, found that mrigal ( C. mrigala ) had higher WG, SGR, content of protease and muscle crude fat when fed a diet supplemented with both 5000 IU/kg VD 3 and 2% FA when compared with any single component 81 . Similarly, in the grass carp, higher WG, SGR and contents of skeletal P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Fe and Mn were also observed in the group fed combined 5000 IU/kg VD 3 and 2% FA diet, 114,115 indicating that FA combined with VD 3 have positive impacts on fish growth performance and mineral deposition, but whether they are synergistic or additive is still unclear.…”

“…80 This has been confirmed by the fact that increasing dietary VD 3 concentrations improved the retention of phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in yellow catfish 52 ; Ca, P and Mg deposition in juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) 54 ; and P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, copper (Cu), Zn and manganese (Mn) contents in the bones of mrigal carp (Cirrhinus mrigala) fingerlings. 81 Research in zebrafish elucidated the possible mechanism for Ca metabolism regulated by VD 3 in which 1,25 (OH) 2 D 3 stimulated epithelial calcium channel (ECaC) gene expression by VDR leading to increased Ca 2+ uptake and circulating Ca 2+ content. 48 In addition, both VD 3 deficiency and high dietary VD 3 reduced levels of a calcium transporter TRPV6, resulting in inhibited Ca 2+ absorption, coupled with reduced osteocalcin levels, eventually leading to poor bone mineralisation and even deformity in juvenile European sea bass, and 19,200 IU/kg VD 3 is the necessary concentration for complete bone development of juvenile European sea bass.…”

Dietary potassium requirement of Cirrhinus mrigala juveniles based on growth performance, gill Na+/K+ ATPase activity and antioxidant enzymes

“…Carp shes are considered an important part of Indian sub-continent aquaculture. Among the carp species, Cirrhinus mrigala, locally known as mori, is one of the famous species cultivated in the area (Luqman et al 2021). C. mrigala is a fast-growing carp attaining a marketable size of 800-1000 g in less than a year.…”