Concurrent Verbal Encouragement and Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test Performance in Females: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes

Bullinger, Dyana; Hearon, Christopher M.; Gaines, Stacey A.; Daniel, Mercian

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000384790.02567.c0

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, only conclusions comparing preferred to non-preferred music can be made using the current data set, leaving how these conditions compare to no music unknown. Lastly, it is customary to give participants verbal encouragement during WAnTs as it has been shown to positively affect performance [32]. Given that participants were focusing on the music they were listening to rather than verbal encouragement, our results may not be comparable to previous investigations utilizing verbal encouragement.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Effects of Listening to Preferred versus Non-Preferred Music on Repeated Wingate Anaerobic Test Performance

Ballmann

Maynard

Lafoon

et al. 2019

Sports

109

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening to preferred or non-preferred music on repeated sprint performance. Fourteen physically active males (ages 18–25 years) were recruited for this study. In a counterbalanced crossover study design, participants completed two separate visits. During each visit, participants listened to either preferred or non-preferred music and completed 3 × 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) separated by 2 min active recovery periods. Each visit was separated by a minimal recovery period of 48 h. Anaerobic performance measures, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and motivation were analyzed. Mean power (p = 0.846, effect size (ES) = 0.019), anaerobic capacity (p = 0.686, ES = 0.058), and total work (p = 0.677, ES = 0.039) were not significantly different between preferred and non-preferred music conditions. Mean heart rate (p = 0.608; ES = 0.125) was also unchanged. Motivation to exercise (p < 0.001; ES = 1.520) was significantly higher in the preferred music condition. Additionally, the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (p = 0.028; ES = 0.540) was significantly lower during the preferred music condition. Our results show that listening to preferred music showed no ergogenic benefit during repeated anaerobic cycling sprints when compared to non-preferred music. However, preferred music increased motivation to exercise and decreased perceived exertion. The results from this study could hold important implications for the application of music and enduring repeated high-intensity sprint exercise.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Effects of Listening to Preferred versus Non-Preferred Music on Repeated Wingate Anaerobic Test Performance

Ballmann

Maynard

Lafoon

et al. 2019

Sports

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Consequently, studies investigating the effect of VE on endurance performance using different tests and encouragement settings revealed inconsistent findings. On one hand, recent studies reported no significant effect of VE on performance during Wingate anaerobic test between female athletes and non-athletes (Bullinger et al, 2012). Additionally, duration of the Wingate anaerobic Test is only 30 s. Therefore, an encouragement frequency of 60 s is not possible and findings of longer lasting test efforts are difficult to compare to.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Verbal Encouragement and Between-Day Reliability During High-Intensity Functional Strength and Endurance Performance Testing

et al. 2019

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As verbal encouragement (VE) is used in high intensity functional exercise testing, this randomized controlled crossover study aimed at investigating whether VE affects high intensity functional strength and endurance performance testing. We further examined between-day variability of high intensity functional strength and endurance performance testing with and without VE. Nineteen experienced athletes (seven females and 12 males, age: 23.7 ± 4.3 years) performed a standardized one repetition maximum (1 RM) squat test and a 12-min high-intensity functional training (HIFT) workout [as many repetitions as possible (AMRAP)] on four different days over a 2-week period. Athletes randomly performed each test twice, either with VE or without (CON), with a minimum of 72 h rest between tests. Very good to excellent relative between-day reliability with slightly better values for strength testing (ICC: 0.99; CV: 3.5–4.1%) compared to endurance testing (ICC 0.87–0.95; CV: 3.9–7.3%) were observed. Interestingly, VE led to higher reliability during endurance testing. Mean squat strength depicted higher strength values with VE (107 ± 33 kg) compared to CON (105 ± 33 kg; p = 0.009, Cohen’s d: 0.06). AMRAP in the endurance test showed negligible differences between VE (182 ± 33 AMRAP) and CON (181 ± 35 AMRAP; p = 0.71, Cohen’s d: 0.03). In conclusion, the effects of VE do not notably exceed day-to-day variability during high intensity functional strength (CV: 3.5–4.1%) and endurance (CV: 3.9–7.3%) testing. However, high intensity functional strength and endurance testing with VE seems to be slightly more reliable, particularly during endurance testing.

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“…Only one study examining the efficacy of verbal encouragement during maximal exercise test performance has specified exactly what was said as part of the encouragement, by referring the reader to the guidelines for the 6-min walk test (Marinho et al, 2014). Other studies provided examples (Guyatt et al, 1984;Andreacci et al, 2002;Bullinger et al, 2012;Neto et al, 2015), or no description (Moffatt et al, 1994;Chitwood et al, 1997) of the encouraging words or phrases. So that future research can compare the relative efficacy of different content, tone, loudness, timing and frequency of verbal encouragement, we also recommend that such research describes details of the encouragement in full.…”

Section: Psychological Basismentioning

confidence: 99%

A call to action towards an evidence‐based approach to using verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing

Midgley

Marchant

Levy

2017

Clin Physio Funct Imaging

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By definition, maximal exercise testing inherently requires participants to give a maximal effort. This is an important practical issue as submaximal efforts can produce invalid test results. Verbal encouragement is commonly used to motivate participants to maintain or increase effort investment during maximal exercise testing. Accordingly, studies have reported significant increases in time to exhaustion of between 8% and 18% during VO and multistage shuttle run tests, and a significant 30·5 m mean increase in 6-min walk test distance. Significant improvements during shorter tests, such as the Wingate and 2-min walk tests, have not been observed however. Although participants typically perceive verbal encouragement positively during maximal exercise testing, around one-third have neutral or negative perceptions. Despite the ubiquity and importance of verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing, surprisingly little research has investigated the characteristics of effective encouragement with respect to its content, timing and frequency. The only randomized controlled trial to investigate one of these issues observed that verbal encouragement delivered every 20 s increased time to exhaustion during VO testing, but not every 60 or 180 s. Of particular concern is that several exercise testing guidelines have incorporated specific guidelines for the use of verbal encouragement, but not provided any theoretical or empirical justification, presumably because of the limited research to inform practice. Recent empirical research does provide some important insight into participant preference for the content and timing of verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing; however, much more research is clearly required to establish comprehensive evidence-based guidelines.

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Concurrent Verbal Encouragement and Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test Performance in Females: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of Listening to Preferred versus Non-Preferred Music on Repeated Wingate Anaerobic Test Performance

Effects of Listening to Preferred versus Non-Preferred Music on Repeated Wingate Anaerobic Test Performance

Verbal Encouragement and Between-Day Reliability During High-Intensity Functional Strength and Endurance Performance Testing

A call to action towards an evidence‐based approach to using verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing

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