Concussion and Its Sequelæ

Symonds, C. P.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(62)92635-1

Cited by 261 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Yet studies of amateur boxers after a bout, compared with the non-athletic control subjects, show significant but transient elevation of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein. This indicates acute neuronal and astroglial injury can occur after relatively minor brain injuries [35], and confirms Sir Charles Symonds’ [36] assertions that …”

Section: Definitions Of Concussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Observations on Concussion

Pearce¹

2007

Eur Neurol

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The word ‘concussion’ has several meanings and applications that are controversial. This paper attempts to trace the historical origins and evolution of the descriptive classifications of concussive head injuries. It is suggested that head injuries should be described on the available evidence of the severity and duration of altered consciousness, traumatic amnesia and, when present, the variably associated neurological, physiological and imaging signs. The word concussion reflects an overenthusiastic trend in medical labelling. Since our understanding of types of brain injury and their symptoms and sequelae has advanced, the term should be abandoned.

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Section: Definitions Of Concussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Observations on Concussion

Pearce¹

2007

Eur Neurol

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“…No significant rela tionship was found between alcohol con- Discussion A significant relationship was found be tween the duration of anterograde and retro grade amnesia. Such a relationship has pre viously been reported (1,4,7,9,10). Further, since anterograde amnesia has been found to correlate with the severity of injury and the prognosis (7), it follows that the same is true of retrograde amnesia.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Long retrograde amnesias are unusual where the anterograde amnesia is less than 4 hours (7). Several authors have shown a direct relationship between the dura tion of retrograde and anterograde amnesia (1,4,7,9,10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Measurement of Retrograde Post-Traumatic Amnesia

Blomert¹,

Sisler

1974

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall events which occurred immediately before head trauma or other acute brain insult. It is one aspect of a larger entity — posttraumatic amnesia — seen in some head injuries, and represents a defect in the consolidation of memories. Previous studies of retrograde amnesia have produced conflicting findings regarding its characteristics. A study was undertaken to identify the characteristics of retrograde amnesia, its relationship to anterograde amnesia, and the problems of its measurement. Forty-eight patients with head injuries admitted to the Emergency Department of the Winnipeg General Hospital were interviewed to identify all subjects meeting certain criteria regarding age, education, and so on, and twenty-five met the criteria and were included in the sample. Each subject was interviewed at least twice until the retrograde amnesia had reached a stable minimum. The duration of retrograde and anterograde amnesia as well as immediate and short-term memory were assessed. It was found that the duration of retrograde amnesia was directly related to the duration of the anterograde amnesia and to the duration of hospitalization. Some problems involved in measurement are discussed.

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“…The minor mental symp toms are mainly ... the mental symptoms of major (brain) contusion spread thin.' 34 years later Symonds (1962) still felt that 'to enquire whether the symptoms under consideration are functional or organic ... is fruitless since they must always be both'. Rowbotham (1964) con sidered that organic, emotional and social fac tors all contribute to the production of the post-concussional syndrome which 'probably ... results from a combination of neuronal commo tion, anxiety, exaggeration and the desire for retribution or gain', but Taylor (1967) con cluded that concussional sequelae resulted from diffuse lesions of the midbrain and white mat ter, similar to those that can be produced experimentally in animals, and that 'the evi dence that they are neurotic ... is poor '.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Amnesia, Post-Concussional Symptoms and Accident Neurosis

Guthkelch

1980

Eur Neurol

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This communication surveys 398 consecutive head injury patients who were in regular full-time employment at the time of injury and who were examined in connection with a claim for compensation. In uncomplicated cases there was a close correlation between the duration of posttraumatic amnesia and the length of time off work. Some common causes of prolonged organic disability are mentioned. The recovery rate of patients suffering from posttraumatic emotional disorders, such as depression or anxiety, was proportional to the initial severity of injury, whereas the indefinite invalidism associated with so-called ‘accident neurosis’ was found to be rare in severely injured patients. ‘Accident neurosis’ also was more common in manual workers sustaining accidents at work than in the same occupation group after road accidents, or in non-manual workers. It is concluded that posttraumatic emotional disorder and ‘accident neurosis’ are not the extremes of a spectrum but separate and distinguishable conditions.

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Concussion and Its Sequelæ

Cited by 261 publications

References 9 publications

Observations on Concussion

Observations on Concussion

The Measurement of Retrograde Post-Traumatic Amnesia

Posttraumatic Amnesia, Post-Concussional Symptoms and Accident Neurosis

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