Concussion and the Adolescent Athlete

Kimbler, Donald E.; Murphy, Marguerite J.; Dhandapani, Krishnan M.

doi:10.1097/jnn.0b013e31823858a6

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Secondary injury develops over time, encompassing increasing intracranial pressure, brain edema, excitotoxicity, progressive inflammation, glial activation, metabolic failure, seizures and ischemic damage [138,139]. The disturbances caused by TBI vary based on the intensity of the blow; severe cases may present unconsciousness, long-term memory loss, and seizures, while “mild” TBI can present confusion, attentional or cognitive deficits, and memory retention deficits, although the definition of mild TBI is somewhat blurry [138,140].…”

Section: Methylene Blue Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegenementioning

confidence: 99%

From Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection—an Emerging Role for Methylene Blue

2017

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Methylene blue (MB) is a well-established drug with a long history of use, owing to its diverse range of use and its minimal side effect profile. MB has been used classically for the treatment of malaria, methemoglobinemia, and carbon monoxide poisoning, as well as a histological dye. Its role in the mitochondria, however, has elicited much of its renewed interest in recent years. MB can reroute electrons in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain directly from NADH to cytochrome c, increasing the activity of complex IV and effectively promoting mitochondrial activity while mitigating oxidative stress. In addition to its beneficial effect on mitochondrial protection, MB is also known to have robust effects in mitigating neuroinflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a seemingly unifying pathological phenomenon across a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders, which thus positions methylene blue as a promising therapeutic. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, MB has shown impressive efficacy in mitigating neurodegeneration and the accompanying behavioral phenotypes in animal models for such conditions as stroke, global cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. This review summarizes recent work establishing MB as a promising candidate for neuroprotection, with particular emphasis on the contribution of mitochondrial function to neural health. Furthermore, this review will briefly examine the link between MB, neurogenesis, and improved cognition in respect to age-related cognitive decline.

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Section: Methylene Blue Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegenementioning

confidence: 99%

From Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection—an Emerging Role for Methylene Blue

2017

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“…Studies should consider randomized control trials that include aerobic and nonaerobic physical activity training both separately, as well as combined, in order to more fully address this question. In addition, when assessing sports participation, special attention is needed to quantify and minimize mild traumatic brain injury that can occur in sports as a potential confounder in both brain and cognitive outcomes related to exercise in adolescents (Kimbler, Murphy, & Dhandapani, ).…”

Section: Remaining Questions and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise, cognition, and the adolescent brain

Herting

Chu

2017

Birth Defects Research

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Few adolescents engage in the recommended levels of physical activity, and daily exercise levels tend to drastically decrease throughout adolescence. Beyond physical health benefits, regular exercise may also have important implications for the teenage brain and cognitive and academic capabilities. The current paper reviews a number of studies showing that regular patterns of exercise and physical activity relate to academic performance, cognitive function, brain structure, and brain activity in adolescents. We also discuss how additional intervention studies that examine a wide range of neurological and cognitive outcomes are necessary, as well as characterize the type, frequency, and dose of exercise and identify individual differences that contribute to how exercise may benefit the teen brain.

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“…Nowadays, head injury has become one of the biggest issues of almost more than 57 million people in the whole world living with the neurological problem raised by TBI, in which 10 million people require hospital base care [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns, Types, and Outcomes of Head Injury in Aseer Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Alnaami

Alshehri

Alghamdi

et al. 2019

Neuroscience Journal

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Background. Head injuries contribute to almost 50% of all injuries. Head injuries are still one of the major causes of loss of life and loss of function among young adults. Nowadays, head injury has become a major community problem. Recently, head injury has become one of the biggest issues of almost more than 57 million people in the whole world living with the neurological problem raised by TBI, in which 10 million people require hospital base care. Objectives. To determine the epidemiological aspects of patients with head injury (HI) in Aseer Central Hospital (ACH). Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were gathered from patients’ files and the registrar’s database of ACH. The study duration was January 2015–December 2017. All patients with head injury admitted to ACH during the study duration were included in the study. SPSS software was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics were obtained (mean SD frequencies, percentages). Statistical tests, t test, and chi-squared test were applied to measure the significant difference among the variables. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as a significant difference. Results. There were 353 patients with head injury, and the mean ± SD of age was 27.01 ± 13.9. Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) accounted for (89.3%) of head injury. A total of 87.3% of the patients were male while 12.7% were female. Conclusion. In this study, we observed that MVA is the leading cause of brain/head injuries in the KSA, despite the implementations of new speed rules. However, with new regulations of forbidding cell phone use while driving and forcing the seat belt regulations, a major impact on these numbers is expected in the future. Thus, a future study is recommended to assess these expectations.

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Concussion and the Adolescent Athlete

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

From Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection—an Emerging Role for Methylene Blue

From Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection—an Emerging Role for Methylene Blue

Exercise, cognition, and the adolescent brain

Patterns, Types, and Outcomes of Head Injury in Aseer Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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