Condensate Recovery from a Fractured Carbonate Field

Abstract

Fractured reservoirs are characterised by a large difference in permeability of the fracture and matrix system. Usually, the matrix contains the bulk of the hydrocarbons while the fractures are the flow paths. These characteristics are challenging for projects aiming at increasing hydrocarbon liquid recovery from gas condensate fields by gas injection. While in fractured oil reservoirs capillary forces (imbibition) or gravity forces can be utilised to improve oil recovery, for gas injection into gas condensate reservoirs, these forces are less important.The recovery mechanisms were investigated using the properties of a rich gas condensate field located in the Middle East. A fine grid sector simulation model was created in which the fractures and matrix were introduced explicitly.Without taking diffusion into account, the injected gas breaks through at the producer very fast. The concentration in the produced gas is closely linked to the effective permeability of the fracture divided by the effective permeability of the matrix.However, taking diffusion into account, the increase in injected gas concentration is much slower. The speed of the increase (for the same pore volume injected) depends on matrix porosity, velocity of the front, fracture spacing and permeability contrast.The molecules of the injected gas are diffusing into the matrix while the components of the reservoir gas are diffusing towards the fracture. The various components have different diffusion coefficients. Dependent on the injection gas, the dew point pressure in the matrix can be reached (despite the reservoir pressure being constant) and condensate drops out. Hence, the condensate recovery depends on the injected gas.The results of the study show that neglecting diffusion in fractured reservoirs can result in errors in the condensate recovery of more than 50 %. In addition, the shape of the condensate recovery curve will be incorrect if diffusion is not accounted for.

A 3D compositional miscible gas flooding simulator with dispersion using Element-based Finite-Volume method

“…In the cases of miscible and immiscible gas injections, surfactant flooding, and tracer injection, physical dispersion plays an important role because it has a direct influence on the mixing process. As verified by Yanze and Clemens (2012) and Paraschiv et al (2012), physical dispersion has a direct impact in fractured reservoir simulation. According to these authors, neglect of dispersion can result in large errors in oil recovery compared to the case including physical dispersion.…”