Conditional Guide RNAs: Programmable Conditional Regulation of CRISPR/Cas Function in Bacteria via Dynamic RNA Nanotechnology

Abstract

Dynamic RNA Nanotechnology in Living Cells Programmable RNA trigger X dCas9 Constitutively inactive (OFF ON logic) cgRNA Y Programmable DNA target Constitutively active (ON OFF logic) X dCas9 Y cgRNAA guide RNA (gRNA) directs the function of a CRISPR protein effector to a target gene of choice, providing a versatile programmable platform for engineering diverse modes of synthetic regulation (edit, silence, induce, bind). However, the fact that gRNAs are constitutively active places limitations on the ability to confine gRNA activity to a desired location and time. To achieve programmable control over the scope of gRNA activity, here we apply principles from dynamic RNA nanotechnology to engineer conditional guide RNAs (cgRNAs) whose activity is dependent on the presence or absence of an RNA trigger. These cgRNAs are programmable at two levels, with the trigger-binding sequence controlling the scope of the effector activity and the target-binding sequence determining the subject of the effector activity. We demonstrate molecular mechanisms for both constitutively active cgRNAs that are conditionally inactivated by an RNA trigger (ON→OFF logic) and constitutively inactive cgRNAs that are conditionally activated by an RNA trigger (OFF→ON logic). For each mechanism, automated sequence design is performed using the reaction pathway designer within NUPACK to design an orthogonal library of three cgRNAs that respond to different RNA triggers. In E. coli expressing cgRNAs, triggers, and silencing dCas9 as the protein effector, we observe programmable conditional gene silencing with a median dynamic range of ≈6-fold for an ON→OFF "terminator switch" mechanism, ≈15-fold for an ON→OFF "splinted switch" mechanism, and ≈3.6-fold for an OFF→ON "toehold switch" mechanism; the median crosstalk within each cgRNA library is <2%, <2%, and ≈20% for the three mechanisms. By providing programmable control over both the scope and target of protein effector function, cgRNA regulators offer a promising platform for synthetic biology.

Advances in the Integration of Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology into CRISPR-Cas System

“…Pierce's group described a method to program CRISPR/Cas functions. This method uses engineered conditional guide RNA (cgRNA) to trigger the response under the premise of the presence of endogenous RNA triggers [62]. The cgRNA triggered by this endogenous RNA can turn on or turn off gene expression mediated by the function of Cas9 (Fig.…”

PAM‐Engineered Toehold Switches as Input‐Responsive Activators of CRISPR‐Cas12a for Sensing Applications

“…This approach has allowed to achieve spatiotemporal control of gene expression in bacterial and mammalian cells. [16][17] Recently, other strategies based on nucleic acid strand displacement reactions (SDRs) for controlling DNA-targeting CRISPR-based systems have been reported to work in vitro and in vivo. [8,[18][19] This reaction allows for reversible, sequence-controlled switching between single-and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), as well as other nucleic acid secondary structures (e.g., hairpin, triplex, etc.).…”

PAM‐Engineered Toehold Switches as Input‐Responsive Activators of CRISPR‐Cas12a for Sensing Applications

“…This approach has allowed to achieve spatiotemporal control of gene expression in bacterial and mammalian cells. [16][17] Recently, other strategies based on nucleic acid strand displacement reactions (SDRs) for controlling DNA-targeting CRISPR-based systems have been reported to work in vitro and in vivo. [8,[18][19] This reaction allows for reversible, sequence-controlled switching between single-and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), as well as other nucleic acid secondary structures (e.g., hairpin, triplex, etc.).…”