Conditioned place preference: An evaluation of morphine's positive reinforcing properties

Blander, Adina; Hunt, Tony; Blair, Richard; Amit, Zalman

doi:10.1007/bf00432040

Cited by 68 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Initially, conditioning trials were undertaken with vehicle versus saline, THC (1 and 10 mg/kg), morphine (5 mg/kg) and CBD (1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) to determine the effects of each drug alone. Morphine served as a well-established positive control in the place conditioning task (Blander et al, 1984). Then, interaction studies were conducted to test whether CBD would alter the effects of THC.…”

Section: Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent effects of cannabidiol on the discriminative stimulus and place conditioning effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Vann

Gamage

Warner

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

114

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Cannabis sativa (marijuana plant) contains myriad cannabinoid compounds; yet, investigative attention has focused almost exclusively on Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), its primary psychoactive substituent. Interest in modulation of THC's effects by these other cannabinoids [e.g., cannabidiol (CBD)] has been stimulated anew by recent approval by Canada of Sativex (a 1:1 dose ratio combination of CBD:THC) for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The goal of this study was to determine the degree to which THC's abuse-related effects were altered by co-administration of CBD. To this end, CBD and THC were assessed alone and in combination in a two-lever THC discrimination procedure in Long-Evans rats and in a conditioned place preference/aversion (CPP/ A) model in ICR mice. CBD did not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of THC at any CBD:THC dose ratio tested. In contrast, CBD, at CBD:THC dose ratios of 1:1 and 1:10, reversed CPA produced by acute injection with 10 mg/kg THC. When administered alone, CBD did not produce effects in either procedure. These results suggest that CBD, when administered with THC at therapeutically relevant ratios, may ameliorate aversive effects (e.g., dysphoria) often associated with initial use of THC alone. While this effect may be beneficial for therapeutic usage of a CBD:THC combination medication, our discrimination results showing that CBD did not alter THC's discriminative stimulus effects suggest that CBD:THC combination medications may also produce THC-like subjective effects at these dose ratios.

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Section: Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent effects of cannabidiol on the discriminative stimulus and place conditioning effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Vann

Gamage

Warner

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

114

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“…By way of indirect support, a great deal of data suggest that drugs of abuse are rewarding and that drug-induced suppression of CS intake is not like that induced by LiCl. Specifically, drugs of abuse are readily self-administered [for review, see 27] and they support the development of conditioned place preferences [41][42][43][44]. Unlike drugs of abuse that support a reduction in CS intake, but an increase in instrumental responding (as described above), LiCl suppresses both consummatory and instrumental responding [24, 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: The Model: Experimenter Delivered Drugmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward comparison: the Achilles’ heel and hope for addiction

Grigson

2008

Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models

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In the words of the late Charles Flaherty, reward comparison is commonplace. Rats and man, it appears, compare all rewards and this capacity likely contributes to our ability to select the most appropriate reward/behavior (food, water, salt, sex), at the most ideal level (e.g., a certain sweetness), at any given time. A second advantage of our predisposition for reward comparison is that the availability of rich alternative rewards can protect against our becoming addicted to any single reward/behavior. Thus, the potential protective effects of natural rewards/enrichment are addressed. Despite this, behavior can become inflexible when, through the development of addiction, stress, drug, or cues elicit craving, withdrawal, and ultimately, drug-seeking. Drug-seeking corresponds with a 'window of inopportunity', when even potent natural rewards have little or no impact on behavior. During this time, there is a unitary solution to the need state, and that solution is drug. The present animal model explores this 'window of inopportunity' when natural rewards are devalued and drug-seeking is engaged and considers a mode of possible intervention.

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“…The conditioned reinforcing properties of morphine are demonstrated as a preference for drug-associated stimuli. Using this procedure, a variety of agents have been shown to support a conditioned place preference, including amphetamine (Reicher & Holman, 1977;Sherman, Roberts, Roskam, & Holman, 1980), cocaine (Mucha, van der Kooy, O'Shaughnessy, & Bucenieks, 1982), and morphine (Bardo, Miller, & Neisewander, 1984;Blander, Hunt, Blair, & Amit, 1984;Katz & Gormezano, 1979;Rossi & Reid, 1976;Sherman, Pickman, Rice, Liebeskind, & Holman, 1980). Experiment 1 of the present series investigated whether morphine-induced odor aversions are potentiated when a compound, rather than single-element, CS is used.…”

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confidence: 99%

A within-event analysis of taste-potentiated odor and contextual aversions

Miller

McCoy

Kelly

et al. 1986

Animal Learning & Behavior

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A series of experiments was conducted to examine the phenomenon of potentiation. Experiment 1 demonstrated potentiation of odor aversions by taste when morphine served as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Experiment 2 provided evidence that the observed potentiation was due to a within-event association between odor and taste stimuli, rather than reflecting an enhanced odor-morphine association. In Experiment 3, morphine supported place conditioning to contextual cues and aversive conditioning to a taste cue, but potentiation of place conditioning by a taste cue was not obtained. Apparently the absence of potentiation was due to the dual nature of the morphine US, as potentiation of a contextual aversion by taste was obtained in Experiment 4 when a strictly aversive US (lithium) was used. These data suggest that potentiation depends on (1) an initially weak association between the to-be-potentiated conditioned stimulus (CS) element and the US, and (2) the elicitation of qualitatively similar responses by the individual elements of the CS compound. Collectively, these results support an explanation of potentiation based on within-event learning.When a compound conditioned stimulus (CS) composed of two or more elements is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), the elements of the CS are assumed to compete for associative strength. The typical finding is that the more salient element becomes conditioned, whereas remaining CS elements are overshadowed and elicit a weaker conditioned response (CR) (Kamin, 1969;Mackintosh, 1971). An exception to this finding is a situation in which some subjects are presented with 'an odor CS followed by an illness-inducing injection of lithium chloride (LiCl), whereas others are presented with a compound odor-taste CS followed by a LiCI injection. When subsequently tested with the odor stimulus alone, subjects conditioned with the compound odor-taste CS show a stronger aversion than those conditioned with the odor CS alone

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Conditioned place preference: An evaluation of morphine's positive reinforcing properties

Cited by 68 publications

References 15 publications

Divergent effects of cannabidiol on the discriminative stimulus and place conditioning effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Divergent effects of cannabidiol on the discriminative stimulus and place conditioning effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Reward comparison: the Achilles’ heel and hope for addiction

A within-event analysis of taste-potentiated odor and contextual aversions

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