Conditioned responses in rats reinforced by light

Hurwitz, Harry M. B.

doi:10.1016/s0950-5601(56)80013-0

Cited by 54 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Our group has adopted a new procedure to detect effects of intracranial manipulations on approach, using lever pressing rewarded with unconditioned visual stimuli. This procedure is based on the finding that mere presentation of unconditioned visual signals is rewarding in rats and other laboratory animals (Hurwitz, 1956; Kish, 1955, 1966; Marx et al, 1955; Stewart and Hurwitz, 1958). Rats readily learn to respond on a lever to deliver unconditioned visual signals.…”

Section: Defining Reward With Neurobiological Terms: Other Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: A neurobiological theory

Ikemoto

2010

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

383

280

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Reductionist attempts to dissect complex mechanisms into simpler elements are necessary, but not sufficient for understanding how biological properties like reward emerge out of neuronal activity. Recent studies on intracranial self-administration of neurochemicals (drugs) found that rats learn to self-administer various drugs into the mesolimbic dopamine structures-the posterior ventral tegmental area, medial shell nucleus accumbens and medial olfactory tubercle. In addition, studies found roles of non-dopaminergic mechanisms of the supramammillary, rostromedial tegmental and midbrain raphe nuclei in reward.To explain intracranial self-administration and related effects of various drug manipulations, I outlined a neurobiological theory claiming that there is an intrinsic central process that coordinates various selective functions (including perceptual, visceral, and reinforcement processes) into a global function of approach. Further, this coordinating process for approach arises from interactions between brain structures including those structures mentioned above and their closely linked regions: the medial prefrontal cortex, septal area, ventral pallidum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic areas, lateral habenula, periaqueductal gray, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and parabrachical area.

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Section: Defining Reward With Neurobiological Terms: Other Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: A neurobiological theory

Ikemoto

2010

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

383

280

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There have been many reports of rats and mice performing for changes in stimulation in an operant chamber that involve bar-pressing for light onset (Hurwitz, 1956;Kish, 1955) or light offset (Glow and Russell, 1974), and increases (Berlyne et al, 1964;Girdner, 1953) or decreases in ambient illumination of the experimental chamber (Robinson, 1961), i.e., light-contingent bar pressing (for a review of earlier literature see Lockard, 1963). It was also shown that there were no differences in reinforcing effectiveness of the changes between light increases or decreases, irrespective of the light levels involved (McCall, 1965).…”

Section: Performing For Temporal Changes In Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neotic preferences in laboratory rodents: Issues, assessment and substrates

Hughes

2007

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

154

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“…The term sensory reinforcer (SR) has been used to refer to sensory stimuli, such as light onset, which were found to have primary reinforcing effects [For reviews see, 5, 6–9]. Investigations into the reinforcing effects of light have reported that both light onset and offset act as SRs, although light onset is a stronger reinforcer than light offset [3, 9–13] . Additionally, studies have reported that incrementing or decrementing a light from an intermediate value can be reinforcing [14–17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of novelty and methamphetamine on conditioned and sensory reinforcement

Lloyd

Kausch

Gancarz

et al. 2012

Behavioural Brain Research

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Background Light onset can be both a sensory reinforcer (SR) with intrinsic reinforcing properties, and a conditioned reinforcer (CR) which predicts a biologically important reinforcer. Stimulant drugs, such as methamphetamine (METH), may increase the reinforcing effectiveness of CRs by enhancing the predictive properties of the CR. In contrast, METH-induced increases in the reinforcing effectiveness of SRs, are mediated by the immediate sensory consequences of the light. Methods The effects of novelty (on SRs) and METH (on both CRs and SRs) were tested. Experiment 1: Rats were pre-exposed to 5 s light and water pairings presented according to a variable-time (VT) 2 min schedule or unpaired water and light presented according to independent, concurrent VT 2 min schedules. Experiment 2: Rats were pre-exposed to 5 s light presented according to a VT 2 min schedule, or no stimuli. In both experiments, the pre-exposure phase was followed by a test phase in which 5 s light onset was made response-contingent on a variable-interval (VI) 2 min schedule and the effects of METH (0.5 mg/kg) were determined. Results Novel light onset was a more effective reinforcer than familiar light onset. METH increased the absolute rate of responding without increasing the relative frequency of responding for both CRs and SRs. Conclusion Novelty plays a role in determining the reinforcing effectiveness of SRs. The results are consistent with the interpretation that METH-induced increases in reinforcer effectiveness of CRs and SRs may be mediated by immediate sensory consequences, rather than prediction.

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Conditioned responses in rats reinforced by light

Cited by 54 publications

References 1 publication

Brain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: A neurobiological theory

Brain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: A neurobiological theory

Neotic preferences in laboratory rodents: Issues, assessment and substrates

Effects of novelty and methamphetamine on conditioned and sensory reinforcement

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