Conditioning performance of high- and low-anxious Ss in the absence of a warning signal.

Spence, Kenneth W.; Weyant, Robert G.

doi:10.1037/h0043356

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The first finding, where there was no ready signal, is contrary to those of Spence and Weyant (1960) and Baron and Connor (1960). The second finding, where there was a ready signal, is contrary to those of Taylor (1951) and Spence and Taylor (1951).…”

Section: Experiments 7mentioning

confidence: 69%

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Replication report: Two failures to reproduce effects of anxiety on eyelid conditioning.

King¹,

Kimble²,

Gorman³

et al. 1961

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Section: Experiments 7mentioning

confidence: 69%

“…, Spence and Taylor (1951), Spence and Weyant (1960), and Baron and Connor (1960), among others, have shown that highly anxious 5s develop conditioned eyeblinks at a faster rate and to a higher asymptote than less anxious 5s. The two experiments reported here are practically identical in methodology with those mentioned above.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Replication report: Two failures to reproduce effects of anxiety on eyelid conditioning.

King¹,

Kimble²,

Gorman³

et al. 1961

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Using the MAS, healthy college-aged individuals were classified as high anxiety (upper 75–80% of scores) and low anxiety (lower 20–25% of scores). In a series of studies, high-anxiety individuals were found to exhibit facilitated eyeblink classical conditioning as compared to low-anxiety individuals (Spence and Taylor, 1951, 1953; Taylor, 1951, 1956; Farber and Spence, 1953; Spence and Farber, 1953, 1954; Spence and Beecroft, 1954; Spence and Weyant, 1960; Spence and Spence, 1966). There was also a gender effect with females having higher manifest anxiety scores than males.…”

Section: Enhanced Classical Eyeblink Conditioning With Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibited Personality Temperaments Translated Through Enhanced Avoidance and Associative Learning Increase Vulnerability for PTSD

et al. 2019

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Although many individuals who experience a trauma go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the rate of PTSD following trauma is only about 15–24%. There must be some pre-existing conditions that impart increased vulnerability to some individuals and not others. Diathesis models of PTSD theorize that pre-existing vulnerabilities interact with traumatic experiences to produce psychopathology. Recent work has indicated that personality factors such as behavioral inhibition (BI), harm avoidance (HA), and distressed (Type D) personality are vulnerability factors for the development of PTSD and anxiety disorders. These personality temperaments produce enhanced acquisition or maintenance of associations, especially avoidance, which is a criterion symptom of PTSD. In this review, we highlight the evidence for a relationship between these personality types and enhanced avoidance and associative learning, which may increase risk for the development of PTSD. First, we provide the evidence confirming a relationship among BI, HA, distressed (Type D) personality, and PTSD. Second, we present recent findings that BI is associated with enhanced avoidance learning in both humans and animal models. Third, we will review evidence that BI is also associated with enhanced eyeblink conditioning in both humans and animal models. Overall, data from both humans and animals suggest that these personality traits promote enhanced avoidance and associative learning, as well as slowing of extinction in some training protocols, which all support the learning diathesis model. These findings of enhanced learning in vulnerable individuals can be used to develop objective behavioral measures to pre-identify individuals who are more at risk for development of PTSD following traumatic events, allowing for early (possibly preventative) intervention, as well as suggesting possible therapies for PTSD targeted on remediating avoidance or associative learning. Future work should explore the neural substrates of enhanced avoidance and associative learning for behaviorally inhibited individuals in both the animal model and human participants.

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“…With the construction of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale (Taylor, 1953), a number of studies (Baron & Connor, 1960;Caldwell & Cromwell, 1959;Spence & Farber, 1953;Spence, Farber, & Taylor, 1954;Spence & Taylor, 1951, 1953Spence & Weyant 1960;Taylor, 1951) have reported a positive relationship between conditionability and score on the MA scale (Manifest Anxiety scale). Similarly, Spence and Beecroft (1954) and Spence and Farber (1954) report greater responsiveness to the reinforced stimulus in the classical discrimination learning situation, as well as some trend (nonsignificant) for better discrimination between reinforced and nonreinforced stimuli, in 5s who scored high, rather than low, on the MA scale.…”

Section: Pennsylvania State Universitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a blink was not required (Hilgard et al, 1951), the latter condition did not obtain. When a ready signal was not employed, the results are conflicting: Baron and Connor (1960) and Spence and Weyant (1960) report positive results, while Prokasy and Truax (1959) and King (1958) report negative results.…”

Section: Pennsylvania State Universitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Manifest anxiety scale score and the ready signal in classical conditioning.

Prokasy¹,

Whaley²

1962

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Conditioning performance of high- and low-anxious Ss in the absence of a warning signal.

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

Replication report: Two failures to reproduce effects of anxiety on eyelid conditioning.

Replication report: Two failures to reproduce effects of anxiety on eyelid conditioning.

Inhibited Personality Temperaments Translated Through Enhanced Avoidance and Associative Learning Increase Vulnerability for PTSD

Manifest anxiety scale score and the ready signal in classical conditioning.

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