Conductive carbon–clay nanocomposites from petroleum oily sludge

Preparation and characterization of adsorbents for treatment of water associated with oil production

“…There are various sludge treatments or reuse methods, but many have limitations. Alternatively, such sludge could be used as a raw material or an additive in preparation of active adsorbent as demonstrated by many researchers [5].…”

“…In addition to a suitable interlayer distances, clays have both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. Both the physical and chemical properties could be modified using additive and suitable treatments [5,6]. Natural clays such as kaolin [7][8][9], mica [10], montmorillonite [11][12][13], and attapulgite [6,14], were employed either as single raw materials or as part of a composite to develop products with unique physical and chemical properties.…”

“…Under heat treatment, hydrocarbon components of sludge react with the OH group to modify both the physical and chemical properties of attapulgite. As a recent study demonstrated, the mixture of hydrocarbons and clay in petroleum sludge may be subjected to heat treatment to produce carbon-clay nano-composite of different properties [5].…”

Valorization of Solid Petroleum Waste as a Potential Raw Material for Clay-Based Ceramics

“…The petroleum exploration industry worldwide produces high amounts of waste materials named as oily sludges [1][2][3]. These oily sludges are considered hazardous waste materials and are composed of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (oil), water, inorganic materials (solids), and traces of heavy metals.…”

“…A trial has been done to dispose the SPW in sanitary landfills. However, this solution has also displayed environmental and economic constraints such as an oil content of about 9%, while for disposal in landfills, an oil content \1% is required [3], a high cost of the SPW disposal in the landfill sites that are quickly reaching full capacity, and furthermore the landfill sites of urban solid wastes usually refuse to accept hazardous industrial wastes. Thus, efforts are needed to establish a definitive solution for the final disposal of hazardous wastes of the petroleum exploration industry.…”