Conductive, Injectable, and Spinnable Aniline Tetramer-Modified Polysaccharide Hydrogels for Self-Powered Electrically Responsive Drug Release

Abstract

Self-powered electrically responsive and wearable/implantable drug delivery based on conductive, injectable, and biocompatible hydrogels has emerged as a paradigm for on-demand treatment of diseases. Herein, an electroactive aniline tetramer (AT)-grafted mushroom hyperbranched polysaccharide (TM3a) was codissolved with xanthan gum (XG) and cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) to fabricate conductive and injectable XG-TMAT-STMP hydrogels. The XG3-TMAT30-STMP hydrogel swollen in a simulated gastric fluid possessed a high conductivity of 23.27 ± 0.20 mS/cm. When applying a potential of 3 V, the apparent diffusion coefficient increased regardless of whether placing DXMS-loaded hydrogels between two electrodes or setting them at the anode or the cathode, indicating electrically responsive release. The extruded XG3-TMAT-STMP hydrogel fibers exhibited good conductivity and stretchablility with low a gauge factor of 1.13 (10% < ε < 50%), suggesting potential applications as bioelectrodes and wearable/implantable drug carriers. Additionally, a triboelectric nanogenerator was fabricated by applying the XG3-TMAT30-STMP hydrogel as a triboelectric material to harvest an output potential of 0.9–1.3 V, indicating feasible application as a self-powered source.

Conductive Viologen Hydrogel Based on Hyperbranched Polyamidoamine for Multiple Stimulus-Responsive Drug Delivery

“…When a reduction potential of −0.6 V was applied, viologen transitioned from dication (V ++ ) to radical (V +· ) forms associated with a concomitantly decreased electrostatic interaction and expulsion of ATP – anions and when potential at −1.2 V, all ATP – anions were expulsed (Figure d). Compared with previously reported drug release hydrogels (adriamycin release from an alginate/gelatin methacrylate/silver nanowire hybrid hydrogel at a potential of 3 V and dexamethasone release from an aniline tetramer/polysaccharide/xanthan gum injectable hydrogel at a potential of 3 V), the stimulated voltage of ATP – release from the 2-EHP/PAM hydrogel was found to be lower, indicating accessible application prospects.…”

“…The absorption standard curve of ATP – concentrations of 1.5–50 μg/mL was established at a wavelength of 260 nm (Figure S9b). The drug release curves of EHP/PAM hydrogels were observed at a controlled potential of −1.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl), which was much lower than other types of conductive hydrogels. − The initial state showed a high release rate for 45 min, followed by a plateau that reached equilibrium in approximately 90 min. It was noted that the cumulative amount of drug released was strongly influenced by the amount of viologen present in the hydrogel (Figure a).…”

“…Methods. 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR analyses of monomers were performed using a Bruker 400 NMR device. Freshly prepared hydrogels were fully swollen in deionized water and lyophilized in liquid nitrogen.…”

“…Chung et al reported a conductive blended hydrogel by mixing alginate with gelatin methacrylate and silver nanowires. 12 The resultant blended hydrogel patch demonstrated a controllable drug release with 57% doxorubicin release at a voltage of 3 V. A conductive and injectable tetraaniline-grafted polysaccharide/xanthan gum/sodium tri-metaphosphate hydrogel was fabricated and reported by Tao et al, 13 which displayed good conductivity and stretchability, as well as electrically responsive drug release behavior, at a potential of 3 V. Moreover, an electro-stimulated ibuprofen release behavior was achieved from a conductive hyaluronic acid/graphene/polyaniline hydrogel at voltages of 0−3 V. 14 To improve electrochemical durability, conductive hydrogels featuring low driving voltage are highly desired.…”

Self‐Powered Electrically Controlled Drug Release Systems Based on Nanogenerator

“…Similar to the study, to simplify the synthesis of the device, Zhang et al successfully synthesized a conductive hydrogel and utilized it as a bioelectrode for TENG. [ 97 ] The hydrogel, denoted as XG‐TMAT‐STMP, was prepared through the cross‐linking of three compounds: electroactive aniline tetramer (AT)‐grafted mushroom hyperbranched polysaccharide (TM3a), xanthan gum (XG), and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). XG‐TMAT‐STMP hydrogel exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and stretchability, as evidenced by its low strain coefficient ( = 1.13) and wide strain range (10% < ε < 50%).…”