Cone calorimeter study of inorganic salts as flame retardants in polyurethane adhesive with limestone filler

Lindholm, J.; Brink, Anders; Wilén, Carl‐Eric; Hupa, Mikko

doi:10.1002/app.34641

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Many commercial polyurethane formulations contain fillers such as calcite (CaCO 3 ) or dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ) as they, among other benefits, decrease flammability 13, 21. However, the shortcomings are that rather high loadings of 30–70 wt % of the fillers are needed and normally their performance needs to be enhanced by a synergist.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardant polyurethane nanocomposite: Study of clay dispersion and its synergistic effect with dolomite

Amiri

Tirri

Wilén

2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polyurethane-clay nanocomposite adhesives were prepared by different synthetic routes and their microstructures were determined by X-ray diffraction measurements and from transmission electron microscopy images. The preparation method of the polyurethane nanocomposite adhesives was systematically changed, that is, condensation either in the presence or absence of catalyst, concentration and type of nanoclay, premixing order of nanoclay (nanoclay was either premixed with the polyol or isocyanate part) and by using MDI surface treated nanoclays. Depending on the polymerization conditions cluster, intercalated, and exfoliated clay structures were obtained. The flame retardant properties of the manufactured nanocomposite adhesives and the synergistic effect of clay in combination with dolomite were investigated by cone calorimeter and UL 94 vertical burning tests. The results indicate that addition of nanoclay reduces burning time and the total heat evolved (THE) at flame out, and that the type of assembled clay structure (cluster, intercalated or exfoliated) had a significant effect on the flame retardant property. Nanocomposites with 3 wt % of clay loading gave the shortest burning time, the lowest THE and also UL 94 V-2 ratings were reached, although the flame retardancy in terms of heat release rate and time to ignition was not improved.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardant polyurethane nanocomposite: Study of clay dispersion and its synergistic effect with dolomite

Amiri

Tirri

Wilén

2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Various types of flame retardants are known, including: phosphorous compounds [ 35 ], bromine compounds [ 36 ], melamine compounds [ 37 ], expandable graphite [ 36 , 38 ], inorganic salts [ 39 ]. Moreover, inorganic metal oxides and hydroxides, including compounds of magnesium, silicon, and aluminum, also play an important role in reducing combustibility [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler (Salvia officinalis L.)

Członka

Kairytė

Miedzińska

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams reinforced with 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of salvia filler (SO filler) and montmorillonite-modified salvia filler (MMT-modified SO filler) were produced in the following study. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of SO filler and MMT-modified SO filler on the morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties of PUR composites were examined. In both cases, the addition of 1 and 2 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the synthesis of PUR composites with improved physicomechanical properties, while the addition of 5 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the formation of PUR composites with a less uniform structure and, therefore, some deterioration in their physicomechanical performances. Moreover, the results showed that the modification of SO filler with MMT improved the interphase compatibility between filler surface and PUR matrix. Therefore, such reinforced PUR composites were characterized by a well-developed closed-cell structure and improved mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant performances. For example, when compared with reference foam, the addition of 2 wt.% of MMT-modified SO filler resulted in the formation of PUR composites with greater mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength) and improved dynamic-mechanical properties (storage modulus). The PUR composites were characterized by better thermal stability as well as improved flame retardancy—e.g., decreased peak rate of heat release (pHRR), reduced total smoke release (TSR), and increased limiting oxygen index (LOI).

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“…However, it is possible to reduce their combustibility by applying various anti-pyrenes, also known as flame retardants [ 29 ]. There are known many types of anti-pyrenes, such as melamine compounds [ 30 ], bromine compounds [ 31 ], phosphorus compounds [ 32 ], inorganic salts [ 33 ], or expandable graphite [ 31 , 34 ]. Furthermore, inorganic metal hydroxides and oxides are also mentioned, including compounds of aluminum, magnesium, and silicon, which also play an important role as flame retardants [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite

et al. 2021

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Polyurethane (PUR) composites were modified with 2 wt.% of lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite (K) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The impact of lavender fillers on selected properties of PUR composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, foaming behavior), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength), insulation properties (thermal conductivity), thermal characteristic (temperature of thermal decomposition stages), flame retardancy (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, heat peak release) and performance properties (water uptake, contact angle) was investigated. Among all modified types of PUR composites, the greatest improvement was observed for PUR composites filled with lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite and hydroxyapatite. For example, on the addition of functionalized lavender fillers, the compressive strength was enhanced by ~16–18%, flexural strength by ~9–12%, and impact strength by ~7%. Due to the functionalization of lavender filler with thermally stable flame retardant compounds, such modified PUR composites were characterized by higher temperatures of thermal decomposition. Most importantly, PUR composites filled with flame retardant compounds exhibited improved flame resistance characteristics—in both cases, the value of peak heat release was reduced by ~50%, while the value of total smoke release was reduced by ~30%.

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Cone calorimeter study of inorganic salts as flame retardants in polyurethane adhesive with limestone filler

Cited by 22 publications

References 43 publications

Flame retardant polyurethane nanocomposite: Study of clay dispersion and its synergistic effect with dolomite

Flame retardant polyurethane nanocomposite: Study of clay dispersion and its synergistic effect with dolomite

Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler (Salvia officinalis L.)

Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite

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