Cone Contacts, Mosaics, and Territories of Bipolar Cells in the Mouse Retina

Wässle, Heinz; Puller, Christian; Müller, Frank; Haverkamp, Silke

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4442-08.2009

Cited by 387 publications

(546 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…Ganglion, amacrine, and bipolar cells were distinguished based on their characteristic morphologies (Wässle et al, 2009). Cells were identified as ON, OFF, or ON-OFF based on the stratification patterns of their dendritic or axonal processes in the inner plexiform layer (IPL).…”

Section: ϫ2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As in wt retina, bipolar cells could be classified as ON or OFF based on the level of their axonal stratification in the IPL (see Materials and Methods) (Wässle et al, 2009). Rod ON bipolar cells could be easily distinguished by their bulbous axon terminals in the most proximal layers of the IPL.…”

Section: Spontaneous Inhibitory Activity Primarily Relies On Synapticmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Intrinsic Neural Oscillator in the Degenerating Mouse Retina

Borowska¹,

Trenholm²,

Awatramani³

2011

J. Neurosci.

107

171

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The loss of photoreceptors during retinal degeneration (RD) is known to lead to an increase in basal activity in remnant neural networks. To identify the source of activity, we combined two-photon imaging with patch-clamp techniques to examine the physiological properties of morphologically identified retinal neurons in a mouse model of RD (rd1). Analysis of activity in rd1 ganglion cells revealed sustained oscillatory (ϳ10 Hz) synaptic activity in ϳ30% of all classes of cells. Oscillatory activity persisted after putative inputs from residual photoreceptor, rod bipolar cell, and inhibitory amacrine cell synapses were pharmacologically blocked, suggesting that presynaptic cone bipolar cells were intrinsically active. Examination of presynaptic rd1 ON and OFF bipolar cells indicated that they rested at relatively negative potentials (less than Ϫ50 mV). However, in approximately half the cone bipolar cells, low-amplitude membrane oscillation (ϳ5 mV, ϳ10 Hz) were apparent. Such oscillations were also observed in AII amacrine cells. Oscillations in ON cone bipolar and AII amacrine cells exhibited a weak apparent voltage dependence and were resistant to blockade of synaptic receptors, suggesting that, as in wild-type retina, they form an electrically coupled network. In addition, oscillations were insensitive to blockers of voltage-gated Ca 2ϩ channels (0.5 mM Cd 2ϩ and 0.5 mM Ni 2ϩ ), ruling out known mechanisms that underlie oscillatory behavior in bipolar cells. Together, these results indicate that an electrically coupled network of ON cone bipolar/AII amacrine cells constitutes an intrinsic oscillator in the rd1 retina that is likely to drive synaptic activity in downstream circuits.

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Section: ϫ2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spontaneous Inhibitory Activity Primarily Relies On Synapticmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Intrinsic Neural Oscillator in the Degenerating Mouse Retina

Borowska¹,

Trenholm²,

Awatramani³

2011

J. Neurosci.

107

171

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To statistically simulate the chromatic tuning (C BG ) of bipolar cell populations (see Fig. 7), we "connected" single bipolar cells with a subset of cones [n cones ϭ n M ϩ n S , taken from the study by Wässle et al (2009)], consisting of S-(n S ) and M-cones (n M ), using the S-cone density as S-cone contact probability (p S ). For each M-cone, the opsin coexpression ratio, R SM , was drawn from a Gaussian, with center (x SM ) and SD ( SM ) estimated from mRNA data (Applebury et al, 2000).…”

Section: ϫ2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, because of this low S-cone density and because mouse BCs have small dendritic fields, only a fraction of nonselective bipolar cells (meaning no preference toward one cone type) has a true S-cone within its reach. For example, for type 1 BCs with approximately eight cone contacts and type 2 BCs with approximately five cone contacts (Wässle et al, 2009), only ϳ30 and ϳ20%, respectively, are expected to receive true S-cone input.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatic Bipolar Cell Pathways in the Mouse Retina

Breuninger

Puller²,

Haverkamp³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

Self Cite

134

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Like most mammals, mice feature dichromatic color vision based on short (S) and middle (M) wavelength-sensitive cone types. It is thought that mammals share a retinal circuit that in dichromats compares S-and M-cone output to generate blue/green opponent signals, with bipolar cells (BCs) providing separate chromatic channels. Although S-cone-selective ON-BCs (type 9 in mouse) have been anatomically identified, little is known about their counterparts, the M-cone-selective OFF-BCs. Here, we characterized cone connectivity and light responses of selected mouse BC types using immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology. Our anatomical data indicate that four (types 2, 3a/b, and 4) of the five mouse OFF-BCs indiscriminately contact both cone types, whereas type 1 BCs avoid S-cones. Light responses showed that the chromatic tuning of the BCs strongly depended on their position along the dorsoventral axis because of the coexpression gradient of M-and S-opsin found in mice. In dorsal retina, where coexpression is low, most type 2 cells were green biased, with a fraction of cells (Ϸ14%) displaying strongly blue-biased responses, likely reflecting S-cone input. Type 1 cells were also green biased but did not comprise blue-biased "outliers," consistent with type 1 BCs avoiding S-cones. We therefore suggest that type 1 represents the green OFF pathway in mouse. In addition, we confirmed that type 9 BCs display blue-ON responses. In ventral retina, all BC types studied here displayed similar blue-biased responses, suggesting that color vision is hampered in ventral retina. In conclusion, our data support an antagonistically organized blue/green circuit as the common basis for mammalian dichromatic color vision.

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“…Further insights can be gained by comparing the processing of rod signals to that of cone signals. Cone signals immediately diverge to approximately 10 bipolar cell types [54][55][56][57][58]. This divergence establishes the parallel processing of visual information, a strategy that is carried forth throughout the brain.…”

Section: How Do Retinal Circuits Relay Single-photon Responses To Retmentioning

confidence: 97%

Behavioural and physiological limits to vision in mammals

Field

Sampath²

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Human vision is exquisitely sensitive-a dark-adapted observer is capable of reliably detecting the absorption of a few quanta of light. Such sensitivity requires that the sensory receptors of the retina, rod photoreceptors, generate a reliable signal when single photons are absorbed. In addition, the retina must be able to extract this information and relay it to higher visual centres under conditions where very few rods signal single-photon responses while the majority generate only noise. Critical to signal transmission are mechanistic optimizations within rods and their dedicated retinal circuits that enhance the discriminability of single-photon responses by mitigating photoreceptor and synaptic noise. We describe behavioural experiments over the past century that have led to the appreciation of high sensitivity near absolute visual threshold. We further consider mechanisms within rod photoreceptors and dedicated rod circuits that act to extract single-photon responses from cellular noise. We highlight how these studies have shaped our understanding of brain function and point out several unresolved questions in the processing of light near the visual threshold.This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in dim light'.

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Cone Contacts, Mosaics, and Territories of Bipolar Cells in the Mouse Retina

Cited by 387 publications

References 73 publications

An Intrinsic Neural Oscillator in the Degenerating Mouse Retina

An Intrinsic Neural Oscillator in the Degenerating Mouse Retina

Chromatic Bipolar Cell Pathways in the Mouse Retina

Behavioural and physiological limits to vision in mammals

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