Cone cracking in human bone: A CT case review series

Christensen, Angi M.; Rickman, John M.

doi:10.1016/j.fri.2022.200510

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Cone cracks are conoidal fractures that have been identified in low-and high-velocity impacts on bone [10,[37][38][39]. As an object impacts the surface of a bone, it causes localized compression and tension on either side of the impact site [40], resulting in the formation of a circular-shaped fracture origin called a ring crack [29,37,39,41]. With continued loading, shear and tensile stresses propagate the fracture at an angle away from the impact site until it reaches the opposite side of the bone, forming a conoidal void [37].…”

Section: Amadasi Et Al Report Entrance Chipping In Gunshots Delivered...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Features investigated included the presence of cone cracks, presence and number of radiating cracks, presence and number of crack branching points, presence and number of circumferential cracks, presence and number of concentric cracks, and total fracture length (Table 2). Defects were recorded as cone cracks if they presented with evidence of a ring crack origin and angular crack propagation through the trabecular and cortical bone layers [29,37,38,41]. Fractures were recorded as circumferential fractures only if there was evidence of a semicircular crack between and terminating into adjacent radial cracks.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of kinetic energy and firearm‐to‐target distance on fracture behavior in flat bones

Edwards,

Isa

2024

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This research implements a fractographic approach to investigate the relationships between kinetic energy, firearm‐to‐target distance, and various aspects of fracture behavior in gunshot trauma. Gunshot experiments were performed on pig scapulae (n = 30) using three firearms generating different muzzle (initial) kinetic energies, including a 0.32 pistol (103 J), 0.40 pistol (492 J), and 0.308 rifle (2275 J). Specimens were shot from two distances: 10 cm (n = 15) and 110 cm (n = 15). Features evaluated in fractographic analysis such as cone cracks, radiating cracks, crack branching points, and circumferential cracks could be easily identified and measured in flat bones and allowed for statistical comparison of crack propagation behavior under different impact conditions. Higher‐energy bullets produced more radiating cracks, more crack branching points, and longer fracture lengths than lower‐energy bullets. Distance had no significant effect on fracture morphology at the distances tested. That quantitative measures of crack propagation varied with energy affirms that kinetic energy transfer is important in determining the nature and extent of fracture in gunshot wounds and suggests it may be possible to infer relatively high‐ versus relatively low‐energy transfer using these features. Ranges obtained with the three firearms exhibited considerable overlap, however, indicating that other variables such as bullet caliber, mass, and construction influence the efficiency of energy transfer from bullet to bone. Therefore, fracture morphology cannot be used to identify a specific firearm or to directly reconstruct the muzzle (initial) kinetic energy in forensic cases.

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