Confined Gradient Descent: Privacy-preserving Optimization for Federated Learning

Abstract

Federated learning enables multiple participants to collaboratively train a model without aggregating the training data. Although the training data are kept within each participant and the local gradients can be securely synthesized, recent studies have shown that such privacy protection is insufficient. The global model parameters that have to be shared for optimization are susceptible to leak information about training data. In this work, we propose Confined Gradient Descent (CGD) that enhances privacy of federated learning by eliminating the sharing of global model parameters. CGD exploits the fact that a gradient descent optimization can start with a set of discrete points and converges to another set at the neighborhood of the global minimum of the objective function. It lets the participants independently train on their local data, and securely share the sum of local gradients to benefit each other. We formally demonstrate CGD 's privacy enhancement over traditional FL. We prove that less information is exposed in CGD compared to that of traditional FL. CGD also guarantees desired model accuracy. We theoretically establish a convergence rate for CGD. We prove that the loss of the proprietary models learned for each participant against a model learned by aggregated training data is bounded. Extensive experimental results on two real-world datasets demonstrate the performance of CGD is comparable with the centralized learning, with marginal differences on validation loss (mostly within 0.05) and accuracy (mostly within 1%).

A security model for smart grid SCADA systems using stochastic neural network

“…In addition, a sequential likelihood ratio test method was also used to validate the efficacy and results of the suggested system. For SCADA security, some of the recent meta-heuristic optimization techniques are developed in the existing works, which includes hybrid PSO [29], Whale Optimization (WO) [30], Self-Organizing Migration (SOM) [31], Differential Evolution (DE) [32], and Gradient Descent [33]. Sheng et al [34] employed a new cyber-physical model for identifying intrusions from the smart grid SCADA networks.…”