Confirmation of carbadox and olaquindox metabolites in porcine liver using liquid chromatography–electrospray, tandem mass spectrometry

Determination of marker residue of Olaquindox in fish tissue by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…Hydrolysis is used to release protein-bound targets. Some reports [8,9,16,17] showed that MQCA could be extracted from the matrix with the help of acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis or enzymatic digest. Alkaline hydrolysis required special cautions and pH needs to be adjusted to acidic after hydrolysis; enzymatic digests need more time (about 16 h) than other methods.…”

“…The signal abundance of m/z 101.7 was lower than the m/z 142.8 and 144.8 in standard analysis, but in real sample analysis the former gave a higher signal-to-noise ratio. As a result, the transition of m/z 188.9-101.7 at CE 30 eV was used for MQCA quantification, which is different from the daughter ion selected by Hutchinson [8] and Boison [9]. Both m/z 188.9-101.7 (CE 30 eV) and m/z 188.9-142.8 (CE 15 eV) are used for MQCA qualitative analysis.…”

“…The long analysis time is an important limitation when a large number of samples have to be analyzed. In this method, the UPLC method reduced the run time in comparison with the HPLC methodology, 5.0 min as against 20 min [8] and 23 min [9]. The chromatogram of negative fish sample is shown in Fig.…”

“…Only a few investigations have been developed for the determination of MQCA or quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) in animal tissues, such as liquid chromatography coupled with UV [6], GC-MS [7], LC-MS/MS [8,9] and realtime PCR assay [10]. Compared to conventional HPLC, ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) is a recently developed technology and provides a higher peak capacity, greater resolution, more sensitivity and higher speed of analysis [11][12][13].…”

Current trends in sample preparation for growth promoter and veterinary drug residue analysis

“…The Gilson ASPEC XL TM is a typical example of an automated off-line SPE system that can process four samples in parallel in cartridge and 96-well format. A number of applications have been developed using this platform including anabolic steroids in urine [147,148]; quinolones in animal feed [149], seafood [150], bovine plasma, milk and tissues [151]; stilbenes in animal tissues [152]; sulphonamides in ovine plasma [153]; macrocyclic lactones in liver [154] and plasma [155,156]; benzimidazoles in bovine liver [106]; halofuginone in chicken liver and eggs [157]; malachite green in trout muscle [158]; carbadox and olaquindox in porcine liver [159].…”