Confirmation that “Brachyspira hampsonii” clade I (Canadian strain 30599) causes mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and colitis in experimentally infected pigs

Costa, Matheus de O.; Hill, Janet E.; Fernando, Champika; Lemieux, Hollie; Detmer, Susan E.; Rubin, Joseph E.; Harding, John C. S.

doi:10.1186/1746-6148-10-129

Cited by 32 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Analysis of the characteristic NADH oxidase (nox) gene and 16S rRNA gene indicated the emergence of a novel species (1) that was most closely related to a single atypical Brachyspira isolated from a pig in the United Kingdom in the early 1990s (6). Since its identification, clinical trials have experimentally reproduced swine dysentery-like disease (7)(8)(9), thus fulfilling Koch's postulates of disease causation. This novel pathogenic species, comprising two genetically diverse clades (I and II) in North America, has been designated "Brachyspira hampsonii" (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Novel Pathogen “Brachyspira hampsonii” Reveals Relationships between Diverse Genetic Groups, Regions, Host Species, and Other Pathogenic and Commensal Brachyspira Species

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in swine herds in the late 2000s signaled the reemergence of an economically significant disease, swine dysentery, in the United States. Investigations confirmed the emergence of a novel spirochete in swine, provisionally designated "Brachyspira hampsonii," with two genetically distinct clades. Although it has since been detected in swine and migratory birds in Europe and North America, little is known about its genetic diversity or its relationships with other Brachyspira species. This study characterizes B. hampsonii using a newly developed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach and elucidates the diversity, distribution, population structure, and genetic relationships of this pathogen from diverse epidemiological sources globally. Genetic characterization of 81 B. hampsonii isolates, originating from six countries, with our newly established MLST scheme identified a total of 20 sequence types (STs) belonging to three clonal complexes (CCs). B. hampsonii showed a heterogeneous population structure with evidence of microevolution locally in swine production systems, while its clustering patterns showed associations with its epidemiological origins (country, swine production system, and host species). The close genetic relatedness of B. hampsonii isolates from different countries and host species highlights the importance of strict biosecurity control measures. A comparative analysis of 430 isolates representing seven Brachyspira species (pathogens and commensals) from 19 countries and 10 host species depicted clustering by microbial species. It revealed the close genetic relatedness of B. hampsonii with commensal Brachyspira species and also provided support for the two clades of B. hampsonii to be considered a single species. Outbreaks of bloody mucoid diarrhea were reported in North American swine herds in the late 2000s. This diarrheal condition was accompanied by inappetance, weight loss/reduced weight gain, and reduced feed conversion efficiency, all suggesting the reemergence of swine dysentery (1). Swine dysentery is a mucohemorrhagic diarrheal disease that until recently was known to be caused by an anaerobic spirochete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which predominantly affects the cecum and colon of grower-finisher pigs. The disease has caused major economic losses to swineproducing countries globally due to production losses (associated with morbidity and mortality) and the cost of treatment and control of the disease (2). In 2007, a mucohemorrhagic diarrheal disease similar to swine dysentery and caused by a novel pathogen "Brachyspira suanatina" was reported in swine and mallards in Sweden and Denmark (3). Since then, B. suanatina has not been identified in other countries (4), and consequently B. hyodysenteriae has continued to be the main pathogen of interest to swine producers and diagnostic laboratories across the world for finisher pigs with clinical signs of mucohemorrhagic diarrhea.Although widely prevalent until the late 1980s, swine dysentery has been rarely re...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Novel Pathogen “Brachyspira hampsonii” Reveals Relationships between Diverse Genetic Groups, Regions, Host Species, and Other Pathogenic and Commensal Brachyspira Species

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although B. hampsonii often demonstrated a more susceptible antibiogram than other Brachyspira species, no clear differences in antibiogram profiles were observed between its genetic groups (27). Finally, several trials have reproduced mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in pigs by oral inoculation of B. hampsonii genetic groups I and II under experimental conditions and have thus confirmed the pathogenic nature of both groups (28)(29)(30). The resulting disease was indistinguishable from SD caused by B. hyodysenteriae on the basis of clinical signs and gross pathology.…”

mentioning

confidence: 56%

“…The resulting disease was indistinguishable from SD caused by B. hyodysenteriae on the basis of clinical signs and gross pathology. Examination of tissues obtained from the experimentally infected pigs had microscopic lesions consistent with those seen in the mucohemorrhagic colitis induced by B. hyodysenteriae (28)(29)(30). Currently, no differences in clinical signs or gross and microscopic pathology have been reported in the SD caused by either genetic group I or II of B. hampsonii.…”

mentioning

confidence: 72%

“…While both genotypic and phenotypic data clearly support B. hampsonii as a novel species, they provide ambiguous interpretations for whether the various genetic groups represent one or multiple novel species. Specifically, although the genomic indices (GGD, ANI, and AAI [7], MLST [31], MLSA [31], GGD, ANI, and AAI) reliably discriminate several genetic groups of B. hampsonii, currently, analysis of the available phenotypic properties (i.e., beta-hemolysis on blood agar [7], biochemical profiles [7], MALDI protein spectra [26], antibiograms [27], and pathogenicity [28][29][30]) is unable to clearly and consistently differentiate them. Thus, based on a comprehensive genotypic, phenotypic, and genomic evaluation, we propose that Brachyspira hampsonii sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Characterization and Recognition of Brachyspira hampsonii sp. nov., a Novel Intestinal Spirochete That Is Pathogenic to Pigs

Mirajkar

Phillips

et al. 2016

J Clin Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

T he genus Brachyspira includes Gram-negative aerotolerant anaerobic spirochetes that colonize the intestine of and/or cause disease in a wide range of host species (1). Over several decades, multiple taxonomic changes were applied to members of this genus (originally Treponema, which was then transferred to Serpula, to Serpulina, and finally to Brachyspira) (2-5). Currently, the genus Brachyspira consists of eight valid species, B. hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli, B. intermedia, B. innocens, B. murdochii, B. aalborgi, B. alvinipulli, and most recently, B. suanatina (1, 6). This genus also consists of several provisional species (1), of which the most clinically significant is the recently discovered "Brachyspira hampsonii" (7). Within the Brachyspira genus, all currently identified strongly beta-hemolytic species (B. hyodysenteriae, B. suanatina, and the novel B. hampsonii) are known to cause severe mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in pigs, while weakly beta-hemolytic Brachyspira species are either commensals (B. innocens) or are capable of causing diarrhea and/or colitis (B. pilosicoli, B. murdochii, B. intermedia, B. aalborgi, and B. alvinipulli) in pigs, chickens and/or humans (1). B. hyodysenteriae, the most virulent and clinically significant Brachyspira species, has historically also been the most researched or investigated species. It causes swine dysentery (SD), a disease characterized by mucohemorrhagic diarrhea that is most commonly observed in grower-finisher pigs (1). In addition to the adverse impact on the health and welfare of pigs, its negative effect on productivity (such as decreased weight gain and poor feed conversion) leads to significant economic losses to livestock-raising communities and countries (1). The recently validated B. suanatina also causes SD in pigs; however, its isolation has been limited to a few northern European countries (8). The isolation of different bacterial species from clinically and pathologically indistinguishable dysentery cases of pigs highlights the evolving and expanding etiology of SD. Thus, the definition of SD should include all strongly beta-hemolytic Brachyspira species that cause mucohemorrhagic colitis and dysentery in pigs (9). The genetically diverse B. pilosicoli is the primary etiological agent of colonic spirochetosis, a disease characterized by diarrhea and/or colitis in a wide range of host species, including pigs (porcine intestinal spirochetosis [PIS]) (10), chickens (avian intestinal spirochetosis [AIS]) (11), and human beings (human intestinal spirochetosis [HIS]) (12). AIS also can be caused by other Brachyspira species, including B. intermedia (13) and B. alvinipulli (14), while HIS is also caused by B. aalborgi (15). Although long considered to be a commensal, the association of B. murdochii with mild diarrhea and/or colitis in pigs has been reported (16,17). These Brachyspira-associated disease conditions negatively impact the health and welfare of the affected host species and reduce the productivity of livestock (1).Clinical SD was rarely report...

show abstract

“…Quick‐drying swabs decrease the growth of opportunistic organisms and preserve sample DNA or RNA without refrigeration (Costa et al., ). In previous studies, sample material in GenoTubes remained usable for genome and antibody detection for more than a week (unpublished results show stability over several month) and gave good results with accredited qPCR and ELISA methods (Blome et al., ; Petrov et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplifying sampling for African swine fever surveillance: Assessment of antibody and pathogen detection from blood swabs

Carlson

Zani

Schwaiger

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable disease with serious socio-economic consequences that has been present in wild boar in the Baltic States and Poland since2014. An introduction of ASF is usually accompanied by increased mortality, making fallen wild boar and hunted animals with signs of disease the main target for early warning and passive surveillance. It is difficult, however, to encourage hunters and foresters to report and take samples from these cases. A pragmatic and easy sampling approach with quick-drying swabs could facilitate this. In this study, we further evaluated the use of dry blood swabs for the detection of ASFV antibody and genome with samples from animal trials and diagnostic submissions (blood, bone and organs) from Estonia. Compared to serum samples, dried blood swabs yielded 93.1% (95% confidence interval: [83.3, 98.1]) sensitivity and 100% [95.9, 100.0] specificity in a commercial ASFV antibody ELISA. Similarly, the swabs gave a sensitivity of 98.9% [93.4, 100.0] and a specificity of 98.1% [90.1, 100.0] for genome detection by a standard ASFV p72 qPCR when compared to EDTA blood. The same swabs were tested in a VP72-antibody lateral flow device, with a sensitivity of 94.7% [85.4, 98.9] and specificity of 96. 1% [89.0, 99.2] compared to the serum ELISA.When GenoTube samples tested in ELISA and LFD were compared, the sensitivity was 96.3% [87.3, 99.5] and the specificity was 93.8% [86.0, 97.9]. This study demonstrates reliable detection of ASFV antibody and genome from swabs. A field test of the swabs with decomposed wild boar carcasses in an endemic area in Estonia also gave promising results. Thus, this technique is a practical approach for surveillance of ASF in both free and endemic areas. Quick-drying swabs decrease the growth of opportunistic organisms and preserve sample DNA or RNA without refrigeration (Costa et al., 2014). In previous studies, sample material in GenoTubes remained usable for genome and antibody detection for more than a week (unpublished results show stability over several month) and gave good results with accredited qPCR and ELISA methods (Blome et al., 2014;Petrov et al., 2014).The objectives of the present study were to demonstrate the suitability of the swab sampling method for routine ASFV genome and antibody detection. To this means, blood and other routine sample matrices were compared to swabs dipped into EDTA blood. In the majority of cases, paired samples of the same animal were tested to ensure comparability. In addition to the blood and serum that had been previously tested (Blome et al., 2014), organ and bone marrow samples were included in this comparative study to broaden the scope. Furthermore, the analyses were extended to a lateral flow device (LFD) for antibody detection, which could provide a useful and easy tool for point-of-care tests. | MATERIALS AND METHODS | Swine studies and sample originPaired EDTA and serum samples from experimentally infected animals at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI) were used for the study (see ...

show abstract

Confirmation that “Brachyspira hampsonii” clade I (Canadian strain 30599) causes mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and colitis in experimentally infected pigs

Cited by 32 publications

References 25 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Novel Pathogen “Brachyspira hampsonii” Reveals Relationships between Diverse Genetic Groups, Regions, Host Species, and Other Pathogenic and Commensal Brachyspira Species

Molecular Epidemiology of Novel Pathogen “Brachyspira hampsonii” Reveals Relationships between Diverse Genetic Groups, Regions, Host Species, and Other Pathogenic and Commensal Brachyspira Species

Characterization and Recognition of Brachyspira hampsonii sp. nov., a Novel Intestinal Spirochete That Is Pathogenic to Pigs

Simplifying sampling for African swine fever surveillance: Assessment of antibody and pathogen detection from blood swabs

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About