Confirmatory factor analysis of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale in Black and White dementia caregivers

Longmire, Crystal V. Flynn; Knight, Bob G.

doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.501060

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…The invariance of factor structure of the 12-item CES-D scale in this study is in line with CFA for the original 20-item CES-D scale in previous studies, which found the same factor model for Blacks (27), Black women (55, 56), and Black caregivers (57, 58). Torres used the NSAL data and showed that among Black men with Caribbean ancestral ties, CES-D scale scores were not associated with CIDI-based MDD or dysthymia (59).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the 12-Item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale among Blacks and Whites

Assari

Moazen‐Zadeh

2016

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundThe Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale is one of the most widely used tools to measure depressive symptoms in epidemiological studies. Given the importance of cross-racial measurement equivalence of the CES-D scale for research, we performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the 12-item CES-D in a nationally representative sample of Black and White adults in the United States.MethodsWe used data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 2001–2003. A total number of 3570 Blacks (African-Americans) and 891 non-Hispanic Whites were included in the present study. CFA was carried out on the 12-item CES-D scale using multi-group structural equation modeling.ResultsFor both Blacks and Whites, the best fitting model was found to be the 3-factor model, indicating invariance of factor structure between Blacks and Whites. A statistically different fit of the models with and without constraints indicated lack of invariance of factor loadings between Blacks and Whites. Some of the positive (i.e., “as good” and “hopeful”) and interpersonal (i.e., “people were unfriendly”) items showed poor loadings, even in the 3-factor solution that allowed separate domains for positive affect, negative affect, and interpersonal problems. Despite the good fit of our final model, more items (i.e., “as good,” “hopeful,” “keeping mind,” and “everything effort”) had poorer loadings in Blacks than Whites (i.e., “as good”).ConclusionThere is invariance in factor structure but lack of invariance in factor/item loadings between Blacks and Whites. These findings have implications for cross-racial studies of depressive symptoms using CES-D scale among Blacks and Whites. Further research is warranted to scrutinize the role of socioeconomics and culture in explaining the lack of invariance of the CES-D scale between Blacks and Whites.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the 12-Item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale among Blacks and Whites

Assari

Moazen‐Zadeh

2016

Front. Psychiatry

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“…Its development was based on Beck's four-factor model of depression, which includes positive affect, negative affect, somatic symptoms and retarded activity, and interpersonal difficulties. While many studies have documented this four-factor structure [ 12 ], some research suggests that these factors may vary across different groups [ 13 ], which raises concern about its generalizability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric Limitations of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale for Assessing Depressive Symptoms among Adults with HIV/AIDS: A Rasch Analysis

Kottorp¹,

Lerdal

Lee

2016

Depression Research and Treatment

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The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale is a widely used measure of depressive symptoms, but its psychometric properties have not been adequately evaluated among adults with HIV/AIDS. This study used an item response theory approach (Rasch analysis) to evaluate the CES-D's validity and reliability in relation to key demographic and clinical variables in adults with HIV/AIDS. A convenience sample of 347 adults with HIV/AIDS (231 males, 93 females, and 23 transgenders; age range 22–77 years) completed the CES-D. A Rasch model application was used to analyze the CES-D's rating scale functioning, internal scale validity, person-response validity, person-separation validity, internal consistency, differential item functioning (DIF), and differential test functioning. CES-D scores were generally high and associated with several demographic and clinical variables. The CES-D distinguished 3 distinct levels of depression and had acceptable internal consistency but lacked unidimensionality, five items demonstrated poor fit to the model, 15% of the respondents demonstrated poor fit, and eight items demonstrated DIF related to gender, race, or AIDS diagnosis. Removal of misfitting items resulted in minimal improvement in the CES-D's substantive and structural validity. CES-D scores should be interpreted with caution in adults with HIV/AIDS, particularly when comparing scores across gender and racial groups.

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“…Caregiver burden has been defined as “a multidimensional response to the negative appraisal and perceived stress resulting from taking care of an ill person” (Kim et al., , p. 846). High levels of depressive symptoms have been documented among caregivers of persons with dementia (CPD) and one third of these caregivers meet the diagnostic criteria for clinical depression (Cooper, Katona, Orrell, & Livingston, ; Fisher et al., ; Flynn Longmire & Knight, ; Schultz & Martire, ; Tremont, ). In addition, high levels of anxiety have been found in 10–35% of CPD (Cooper, Katona, Orrell, & Livingston, ; Cooper, Balamurali, & Livingston, ; Cooper, Balamurali, Selwood, & Livingston, ; Cooper et al., ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Resourcefulness in African American and Caucasian American Caregivers of Persons With Dementia: Associations With Perceived Burden, Depression, Anxiety, Positive Cognitions, and Psychological Well-Being

Bekhet

2014

Perspect Psychiatr Care

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Purpose Providing care to persons with dementia can have negative effects on caregivers' physical and psychological well‐being. This secondary analysis explored relationships among perceived burden, depression, anxiety, resourcefulness, and psychological well‐being in 28 African American (AA) and 45 Caucasian American (CA) caregivers of persons with dementia. Design and Methods Descriptive, cross‐sectional design was used to examine the hypothesized relationships in a sample of 73 caregivers. Findings CAs reported greater burden (t = −3.68, p < .001), more anxiety (t = −2.66, p < .01), depression (t = −2.21, p < .05), and hostility (t = −2.30, p < .05) than AAs. AAs reported higher scores than CAs on resourcefulness, positive cognitions, and psychological well‐being. Practice Implications The study findings provided directions for the development of resourcefulness interventions to enhance the psychological well‐being among dementia caregivers.

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Confirmatory factor analysis of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale in Black and White dementia caregivers

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the 12-Item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale among Blacks and Whites

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the 12-Item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale among Blacks and Whites

Psychometric Limitations of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale for Assessing Depressive Symptoms among Adults with HIV/AIDS: A Rasch Analysis

Resourcefulness in African American and Caucasian American Caregivers of Persons With Dementia: Associations With Perceived Burden, Depression, Anxiety, Positive Cognitions, and Psychological Well-Being

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