“…society but a structure that is both shaped by the forces of domination and contested, within the context of the complex reproduction of capitalist societies. As shown in different contributions here, this understanding is not limited to the national scale but can be linked to a multiscalar understanding of the state (cf Brand et al 2008).…”
Section: Historical-materialist State Theory and The Spatial Transformentioning
“…society but a structure that is both shaped by the forces of domination and contested, within the context of the complex reproduction of capitalist societies. As shown in different contributions here, this understanding is not limited to the national scale but can be linked to a multiscalar understanding of the state (cf Brand et al 2008).…”
Section: Historical-materialist State Theory and The Spatial Transformentioning
“…This commodification of landor rather: of natureis one of the core drivers of capitalist globalization as well as of the ever more severe ecological crisis (see for the commodification of genetic resources and related conflicts: Brand, Görg, Hirsch, & Wissen, 2008). The central contradiction of this commodification lies in the fact that nature is seen as an unlimited resource for societies and, precisely for that reason, endangered or even destroyed.…”
Section: The Ecological Crisis As a Part Of A Great Crisis Of Capitalismmentioning
The ecological crisis has intensified in many respects. Prominent proposals to deal with the crisis are discussed under the header 'sustainability transformations' or even 'Great Transformation'. We argue that most contributions suffer from a narrow analytical approach to transformation ignoring the largely unsustainable dynamics of global capitalism and the power relations involved in it. Thus, a 'new critical orthodoxy' of knowledge about transformation is emerging which runs the danger to contribute to a spatially and socially highly uneven green capitalism. This article claims that the current debate on social-ecological transformation can be enriched by a Polanyian understanding but also based on regulation theory. We distinguish between three types of transformation: incremental adaptation of the current institutional systems, institutional change in favour of a new 'green' phase of capitalism, and a post-capitalist great transformation that implies a profound structural change of the mode of production and living.
“…Mgbeoji, 2006). Consequently, a political conflict has ensued between industrialized user countries interested in unrestricted access to GRs and developing provider countries insisting on receiving a fair share of the accruing benefits (Brand et al, 2008).…”
Section: Case Study I: the Eu In The Negotiations On The Nagoya Pmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Establishing 'the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits' from GR utilization as one of its overall objectives (CBD Art. 1), the CBD aimed at facilitating (largely private) commercial GR transactions (Brand et al, 2008). Contracts (so-called 'mutually agreed terms') between GR users and providers should indicate their reciprocal rights and obligations, including appropriate arrangements for benefit-sharing.…”
Section: Case Study I: the Eu In The Negotiations On The Nagoya Pmentioning
In this article, we develop a comprehensive framework for assessing the effectiveness dimension of the EU's performance in international institutions, consisting of three elements: (1) the quality of the EU's policy objectives; (2) EU engagement in the negotiations, including its fit with the international constellation of power and interests; and (3) goal achievement. We apply this assessment framework to two cases with two phases each: (1) the negotiations on the 2010 Nagoya Protocol on genetic resources to the Convention on Biological Diversity and (2) the negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change toward the 2009 Copenhagen and 2011 Durban climate summits. The analysis demonstrates that the assessment framework (1) facilitates a more complete and richer appreciation of EU effectiveness in international institutions than the established understanding of effectiveness as goal achievement and (2) allows us to start to systematically explore the interaction between the framework's three components.
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