Abstract. We study two extremal problems of geometric function theory introduced by A. A. Goldberg in 1973. For one problem we find the exact solution, and for the second one we obtain partial results. In the process we study the lengths of hyperbolic geodesics in the twice punctured plane, prove several results about them and make a conjecture. Goldberg's problems have important applications to control theory.
IntroductionGoldberg [16] studied a class of extremal problems for meromorphic functions. Let F 0 be the set of all holomorphic functions f defined in the rings {z : ρ(f ) < |z| < 1}, omitting 0 and 1, and such that the indices of the curve f ({z : |z| = ρ(f )}) with respect to 0 and 1 are non-zero and distinct.Let F 1 ⊂ F 0 be the subclass consisting of functions meromorphic in the unit disk U. Functions in F 1 can be described as meromorphic functions in U with the property that the numbers of preimages of 0, 1 and ∞, counted with multiplicities, are all finite and pairwise distinct.Let F 2 , F 3 , F 4 be the subclasses of F 1 consisting of functions holomorphic in the unit disk, rational functions and polynomials, respectively. For f in any of these classes F j , 1 ≤ j ≤ 4, we define ρ(f ) as ρ(f ) = sup{|z| : f (z) ∈ {0, 1, ∞}}.
Goldberg's constants areGoldberg credits the problem of minimizing ρ(f ) to E. A. Gorin. He proved thatand showed that there exist extremal functions for A 0 and A 2 , but extremal functions for A 1 , A 3 or A 4 do not exist. He also proved the estimates A 0 < 0.0091 and 0.0000038 < A 2 < 0.0319.