“…2 However, the abuse of antibiotics has posed negative effects on the quality of animal foods, further resulting in side effects on human health, including allergic reactions, liver damage, nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal problems and the resistance toward antibiotics. 3 Up to now, various analytical techniques have been established for the detection of OTC in biological samples, namely high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 4,5 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), [6][7][8] fluorescence methods, [9][10][11] and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 12,13 Though sensitive and accurate detection has been achieved by these conventional procedures, they encountered a number of limitations, such as high cost, time-consuming, elaborate processing steps, and requirement of well-equipped laboratory and professional expertise, which are not suitable for rapid on-site detection.…”