Conformity to masculine norms, masculine discrepancy stress, and changes in muscle dysmorphia symptoms

Grunewald, William; Kinkel-Ram, Shruti S.; Smith, April R.

doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.001

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…These four items were averaged to create a COVID‐19 scale for use in the current study. Previous research has confirmed that these COVID‐19 items load well onto a single factor with appropriate model fit (Grunewald et al, in press). An example item was “During the past two weeks, how worried have you been about being infected?” Internal consistency for the CRISIS items ranged from α = 0.88–0.90 across time points.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Participants were adult men ( n = 272) recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk; n = 62) and Prolific ( n = 210) as part of a larger study on masculine constructs and MD symptoms (Grunewald et al, in press). Both MTurk and Prolific are research‐based crowd‐sourcing platforms where participants are provided compensation for completing online research studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If participants reported the presence (e.g., at least once a week on average) of two or more MD symptoms, they were considered eligible and directed to the baseline survey. The pre‐screener allowed for inclusion of individuals with at least sub‐clinical MD symptoms (see Grunewald et al, in press).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal relationships between muscle dysmorphia symptoms and suicidal ideation

Grunewald

Ortiz

Kinkel-Ram

et al. 2022

Suicide & Life Threat Behav

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Introduction: Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is a severe subtype of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) that shares symptomatic overlap with eating disorders. Although associations between eating disorders/BDD and suicidality are well documented, research has rarely examined associations between MD symptoms and suicidality, which is concerning given MD is associated with additional suicide risk factors compared with these disorders. Further, existing associations between MD symptoms and suicidality have yet to establish temporal ordering for these relationships. Therefore, the current study investigated longitudinal relationships between MD symptoms and suicidal ideation to establish the direction of the MDsuicidality relationship.Methods: Participants were 272 US men displaying sub-clinical MD symptoms who completed self-report measurement at three time points over 6 weeks.Longitudinal relationships between MD symptoms and suicidal ideation were examined using a three-wave autoregressive cross-lagged model. Results:Certain MD symptoms were longitudinally predicted by suicidal ideation. Specifically, suicidal ideation longitudinally predicted increased drive for size and appearance intolerance. Conclusions:Results may suggest that individuals engage in MD symptoms potentially to cope with distressing thoughts of suicide. Clinicians should provide clients with comorbid MD and suicidality with appropriate coping tools to manage distress from suicidal thoughts outside of engaging in compulsive exercise characteristic of MD symptoms.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal relationships between muscle dysmorphia symptoms and suicidal ideation

Grunewald

Ortiz

Kinkel-Ram

et al. 2022

Suicide & Life Threat Behav

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“…Second, Ortiz et al (2021) found that MD symptoms were associated with both suicidal ideation and attempt. In the only longitudinal study of MD and suicidality, MD symptoms assessed via the Muscular Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory did not predict suicidal ideation 3 weeks later, but rather suicidal ideation predicted specific MD symptoms, such as Drive for size and Appearance intolerance (Grunewald, Kinkel‐Ram, et al, 2022). Similar to patterns uncovered for EDs, individuals may engage in MD symptoms to cope with suicidal ideation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To do this, we investigated longitudinal relationships between ED symptoms, MD symptoms, and suicidal ideation among a subclinical sample of men reporting MD symptoms by using three‐wave random intercepts cross‐lagged panel models (RI‐CLPM), which allow for disaggregation of between vs within‐subjects variance. Given noted issues with standard CLPMs (e.g., Hamaker et al, 2015; Littlefield et al, 2022), the current study specifically uses RI‐CLPMs to expand on previous research by Grunewald, Kinkel‐Ram, et al (2022). That is, the authors sought to replicate the direction of MD‐suicide relationships in Grunewald, Kinkel‐Ram, et al (2022) with the benefit that discovered longitudinal relationships would reflect changes in focal constructs rather than trait values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between eating disorder symptoms, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, and suicidal ideation: A random intercepts cross‐lagged panel approach

Grunewald

Troop‐Gordon

Smith

2022

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective Eating disorder (ED) symptoms correlate with suicidality; yet the strength of these relationships in men is unclear. Muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms may reflect a more accurate index of body‐related concerns for men, as they better target muscularity concerns typical of men. However, no studies have tested a model in which ED/MD symptoms and suicidality are simultaneously examined. We longitudinally tested whether ED/MD symptoms were related to suicidal ideation among a community sample of men. Methods Men with MD symptoms (N = 272) were recruited to complete three surveys over 6 weeks. A random intercepts cross‐lagged panel model tested predictive associations between ED/MD symptoms and suicidal ideation, while disaggregating between/within‐person variance. Results ED/MD symptoms were significantly associated with suicidal ideation at the between‐subjects level (ED: b = .04; MD: b = .09) and showed significant within‐wave covariances with suicidal ideation (ED: b = .02–.04; MD: b = .02–.05). Those who experienced increases in ED symptoms showed increased suicidal ideation at the next wave (b = .32). Those who experienced increases in suicidal ideation showed increases in MD symptoms at the next wave (b = .85). Discussion Results highlight ED symptoms as a potential risk factor for suicidal ideation among men. Further, suicidal ideation predicted MD symptoms. ED symptoms may create intra‐ and interpersonal distress predicting suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation may lead to muscle‐building behaviors to cope with suicidal thoughts. Clinicians should assess for suicidal ideation among men at risk for MD/EDs, and for MD symptoms among those reporting suicidal ideation. Public Significance Eating disorder (ED) symptoms are related to suicidality, but these relationships are understudied among men. Since men report concerns surrounding muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) may be a better ED index for this population. However, little research has investigated relationships between ED symptoms, MD symptoms, and suicidality among men. This study investigated relationships between ED/MD symptoms and suicidality among 272 men. Results may inform clinical assessment, treatment, and classification of MD.

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Variants: Muscle Dysmorphia

Grunewald,

Stanley,

Smith

2024

CBT: Science Into Practice

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Conformity to masculine norms, masculine discrepancy stress, and changes in muscle dysmorphia symptoms

Cited by 14 publications

References 52 publications

Longitudinal relationships between muscle dysmorphia symptoms and suicidal ideation

Longitudinal relationships between muscle dysmorphia symptoms and suicidal ideation

Relationships between eating disorder symptoms, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, and suicidal ideation: A random intercepts cross‐lagged panel approach

Variants: Muscle Dysmorphia

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