Confronting Social Constructions of Rural Criminality: A Case Story on ‘Illegal Pluriactivity’ in the Farming Community

Smith, Robert H.; McElwee, Gerard

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.2012.00580.x

Cited by 73 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…The only illicit aspect of their entrepreneurial endeavour in consequence, is that when trading licit goods and/or services, some or all of their monetary transactions are not declared. Entrepreneurs trading illicit goods and services (e.g., drug trafficking, gun-running) are not informal entrepreneurs, but part of the separate criminal economy (Smith and McElwee, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling Entrepreneurship in the Informal Sector: An Overview of the Policy Options, Approaches and Measures

Williams

2015

J. Dev. Entrepreneurship

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The aim of this paper is to review the various policy options, approaches and measures that can be used to address informal entrepreneurship. To do this, it firstly reviews four possible policy options, namely taking no action, eradicating informal entrepreneurship, moving formal entrepreneurship into the informal economy, or transforming informal entrepreneurship into formal entrepreneurship. Revealing that transforming informal entrepreneurship into formal entrepreneurship is not only the most viable option but also the approach most commonly adopted by supra-national agencies and national governments, a review is then undertaken of how this can be achieved using either direct controls, which seek to increase the costs of informal entrepreneurship and/or the benefits of formal entrepreneurship, or indirect controls that seek to generate a commitment to compliance and greater self-regulation. It is then revealed how these approaches and their accompanying policy measures are not mutually exclusive and can be combined in various ways, exemplified by the responsive regulation and slippery slope approaches. The outcome is a comprehensive review and evaluation of the various policy options, approaches and measures available to policy-makers for addressing informal entrepreneurship along with some recommendations regarding the way forward.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling Entrepreneurship in the Informal Sector: An Overview of the Policy Options, Approaches and Measures

Williams

2015

J. Dev. Entrepreneurship

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show abstract

“…The only illicit aspect of such enterprise in consequence, is that when trading licit goods and/or services, some or all of their monetary transactions are not declared. Enterprises trading illicit goods and services (e.g., drug trafficking, gun-running) are not deemed informal enterprises, but part of the separate criminal economy (Smith and McElwee, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling enterprise in the informal economy: an introductory overview

Williams

2016

IJESB

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This paper introduces this special issue by providing an overview of the various policy options and approaches available for tackling enterprise in the informal economy. It firstly reviews four possible hypothetical policy options, namely doing nothing, eradicating informal sector enterprise, moving formal enterprises into the informal economy, or formalizing enterprise in the informal economy. Displaying that formalizing informal sector enterprise is the most viable and most commonly adopted approach, it then reviews the two approaches of using either direct 2 controls, which increase the costs of operating informally and/or the benefits of operating formally, or indirect controls that seek greater self-regulation. Following this, the ways in which these approaches can be combined is then reviewed. The outcome is a comprehensive introductory overview and conceptual framework for contextualizing the arguments of the papers in this special issue.

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“…Until now, although there have been many qualitative studies of how enterprises are sometimes not always registered ventures operating on a wholly legitimate basis (e.g., McElwee et al, 2011;Smith and McElwee, 2013), no attempts have been made to evaluate the scale of enterprises that do not operate on a wholly legitimate basis. In this chapter, the intention is to begin to fill that gap.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out of the Margins: Evaluating the Scale of Employment in Informal Enterprises in Developing and Transition Economies

Williams¹

2015

Exploring Criminal and Illegal Enterprise: New Perspectives on Research, Policy &Amp; Practice

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Purpose -This chapter evaluates the cross-national variations in the proportion of employment that is in informal sector enterprises and evaluates competing theories which view these cross-national variations to result from either economic under-development (modernisation explanation), high taxes, public sector corruption and over-regulation of work and welfare (neo-liberal explanation) or conversely, a lack of intervention in the realm of social protection (political economy explanation).Design/methodology/approach -To evaluate these competing explanations, the International Labour Organisation's (ILO) country surveys that investigate the scale of employment in informal sector enterprise in 43 developing and transition economies, along with the World Bank database of development indicators, are here analysed.Findings -The finding is that lower levels of employment in informal sector enterprises are closely associated with economic development, lower levels of public sector corruption and state intervention in the form of higher tax rates and social transfers to protect workers from poverty.Research implications -This chapter reveals the need to move beyond treating these contrasting representations as competing explanations and to recognise how all are required to more fully explain the prevalence of informal sector entrepreneurship.Practical/social implications -Tackling employment in informal sector enterprise is shown to require broader economic and social policies associated with the modernisation of economies, tax rates, social protection and poverty alleviation.Originality/value -One of the first evaluations of the competing explanations for why some countries have higher levels of employment in informal sector enterprises.

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Confronting Social Constructions of Rural Criminality: A Case Story on ‘Illegal Pluriactivity’ in the Farming Community

Cited by 73 publications

References 82 publications

Tackling Entrepreneurship in the Informal Sector: An Overview of the Policy Options, Approaches and Measures

Tackling Entrepreneurship in the Informal Sector: An Overview of the Policy Options, Approaches and Measures

Tackling enterprise in the informal economy: an introductory overview

Out of the Margins: Evaluating the Scale of Employment in Informal Enterprises in Developing and Transition Economies

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