Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Breast

Shermak, Michele A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69743-5_2

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Unfortunately, these measures do not always compensate for the deficit. Given that mammary tissue regresses and is gradually displaced by fat after age 35 [60], it is possible that some women may not enter pregnancy with a good complement of viable glandular tissue, as hypothesized by Dewey et al in 1986 [61]. Another possibility is that the decline in insulin function-synthesis and/or resistance-typically seen with aging [62] may result in a more sluggish breast response and milk synthesis.…”

Section: Maternal Agementioning

confidence: 93%

“…They have previously been described as having Bnormal function but abnormal morphology^ [60], but a histological study discovered abnormalities in the arrangement and quantity of collagen fibers [71], suggesting that perhaps tuberous breasts may not be so functionally normal after all. Developmentally they are described as Ba hypoplastic breast with constricting ring around the base of the breast, breast tissue herniation into the areola, deficient skin envelope and inframammary fold malposition^ [60]. A common resulting feature is a disproportionately large and protrusive areola ( Fig.…”

Section: Mammary Hypoplasiamentioning

confidence: 98%

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Unsolved Mysteries of the Human Mammary Gland: Defining and Redefining the Critical Questions from the Lactation Consultant’s Perspective

Marasco

2014

J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia

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Despite advances in knowledge about human lactation, clinicians face many problems when advising mothers who are experiencing breastfeeding difficulties that do not respond to normal management strategies. Primary insufficient milk production is now being acknowledged, but incidence rates have not been well studied. Many women have known histories of infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, hyperandrogenism or other hormonal imbalances, while others have no obvious risk factors. Some present with obviously abnormal breasts that are pubescent, tuberous/tubular or asymmetric in shape, raising the question of insufficient mammary gland tissue. Other women have breasts that appear within normal limits yet do not lactate normally. Endocrine disruptors may underlie some of these cases but their impact on human milk production has not been well explored. Similarly, any problem with prolactin such as a deficiency in serum prolactin or receptor number, receptor resistance, or poor bioavailability or bioactivity could underlie some cases of insufficient lactation, yet these possibilities are rarely investigated. A weak or suppressed milk ejection reflex, often assumed to be psychosomatic, could be related to thyroid dysfunction or caused by downstream post-receptor pathway problems. In the absence of sufficient data regarding these situations, desperate mothers may turn to non-evidence-based remedies, sometimes at considerable cost and unknown risk. Research targeted to these clinical dilemmas is critical in order to develop evidence-based strategies and increase breastfeeding duration and success rates.

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Section: Maternal Agementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Mammary Hypoplasiamentioning

confidence: 98%

Unsolved Mysteries of the Human Mammary Gland: Defining and Redefining the Critical Questions from the Lactation Consultant’s Perspective

Marasco

2014

J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia

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“…Polimasti (supernumerary breast); normal meme dokusuna eşlik eden aksesuar meme dokusu şeklinde tariflenmiştir (7) . Kadınlarda %2-6, erkeklerde %1-3 sıklıkla görülmekte olup, genellikle puberte, laktasyon veya gebelik dönemlerinde, gland dokusunun büyümesi ile tanı almaktadır (8,9) . Politeli ve polimasti, sıkıkla sporadik olsa da %6-10 oranında ailesel olabilmektedir (4,10) .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Investigation of Hyperplastic Type Congenital Breast Abnormalities and Algorithm for Clinical Approach

Yasak¹,

Özkaya²,

Bingöl³

et al. 2016

Okmeydani Medical Journal

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“…The breasts are hemispheric and located anteriorly on the pectoralis major muscle. In the average young lady the breasts have elliptical bases located between the second and sixth ribs vertically; horizontally they lie between the midaxillary line and the lateral edge of the sternum [1]. In breastfeeding women, milk produced from the breast provides nourishment for the babies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Long Term Review of Surgically Treated Enlarged Breasts

Agbenorku¹

2013

MPS

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Introduction: Breast hypertrophy (excessive enlargement of breast), a condition though rare, is well pronounced in some females. Surgery either by reduction mammaplasty or sub-cutaneous mastectomy is often employed in treatment of this condition. Aim: This study seeks to find out the long term level of satisfaction of the surgery on these persons after about 10 -12 years after treatment. Materials and Methods: From January 1994 to December 2000, the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) carried out surgeries on 43 females who presented with several degrees of breast hypertrophy. Patients were asked to answer questionnaires on their condition pre-operatively and post-operatively during the long term review process. Results: Thirty-four (79.1%) patients out of the 43 were available for the review with the patients stating there was much (100%) improvement in terms of the pain they felt in the neck, upper and lower back regions. There was no re-occurrence of the condition in any of the patients; 29 (85.3%) stated they were satisfied and that their new breast size(s) was/were excellent for them. Conclusion: The pre-operative complications experienced by these patients were resolved hence this surgical procedure was good and the quality of life of these persons had been improved.

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Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Breast

Cited by 13 publications

References 81 publications

Unsolved Mysteries of the Human Mammary Gland: Defining and Redefining the Critical Questions from the Lactation Consultant’s Perspective

Unsolved Mysteries of the Human Mammary Gland: Defining and Redefining the Critical Questions from the Lactation Consultant’s Perspective

Investigation of Hyperplastic Type Congenital Breast Abnormalities and Algorithm for Clinical Approach

A Long Term Review of Surgically Treated Enlarged Breasts

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