“…Violent trauma, hyperextension, or distraction injury can cause traumatic TAAS [ 52 , 67 , 82 ]. Nontraumatic cases can also arise from inflammation, facet tropism, spinal tumors, or congenital disorders including spinal fusion, Down syndrome and skeletal dysplasias [ 1 , 52 , 62 , 86 ]. Clinical presentation is diverse, from minor neck pain to myelopathy due to cord compression or cerebellar/occipital lobe infarction due to vertebral artery stenosis [ 8 , 32 , 89 ].…”