Congenital coronary artery abnormalities in children

Abstract

After a significant coronary artery abnormality is recognized in a pediatric patient, surgery or appropriate transcatheter intervention should be performed. The risk of fatality from a congenital coronary abnormality far outweighs the small risks of surgical or transcatheter intervention. Angiography, although considered the state-of-the-art method of diagnosis, has significant spatial limitations and is not always diagnostic of aberrant coronary origins from the contralateral aortic sinus. In the hands of an experienced coronary imager, color flow Doppler echocardiography is one of the best diagnostic tools for congenital coronary abnormalities. Symptoms of a coronary abnormality vary from none to a sudden coronary event that may result in death. Awareness of subtle as well as obvious symptoms is essential for a timely intervention. Surgical or transcatheter intervention in an asymptomatic child with a coronary abnormality is controversial, but it is becoming more acceptable due to a better understanding of the risks involved in unrepaired congenital coronary abnormalities. Surgical reimplantation is the treatment of choice for a patients with a pulmonary origin of a coronary artery. Surgical unroofing of the intramural segment is preferable in an aberrant coronary origin from the contralateral aortic sinus. Surgical enlargement of a stenotic ostium is recommended for ostial stenosis. Transcatheter coil embolization is becoming the treatment of choice of large coronary artery fistula.