Congenital Infection 2 (Toxoplasmosis, CMV, Rubella)

The role of extreme heat exposure on premature rupture of membranes in Southern California: A study from a large pregnancy cohort

“…The causes of PROM are not well understood. PROM can result from the combined effects of various pathologic mechanisms as well as a physiologic weakening of the membranes, especially at full term ( Caughey et al, 2008 ; Esteves, 2022 ; Richardson et al, 2020 ). Inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and activation of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase may be the primary causes of PROM ( Lannon et al, 2014 ; Romero et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and activation of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase may be the primary causes of PROM ( Lannon et al, 2014 ; Romero et al, 2015 ). Bacterial products and pro-inflammatory cytokines likely change membrane morphology, while inflammatory mediators could damage fetal membrane integrity and activate uterine contractions ( Esteves, 2022 ). From the public health perspectives, discovering modifiable risk factors is meaningful for targeted PROM prevention.…”

Congenital Toxoplasmosis: An Overview on Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment With Reference to Egypt

“…Fetal ultrasonography: Unfortunately, fetal ultrasound might be the first thing to point out toxoplasmosis in absence of obligatory screening programs. Suspicion was suspected by severely fetal development (Hohlfeld et al, 1991), severe fetal growth restriction, increased placental thickness, unexplained increase in amniotic fluid, fetal anomalies like calcifications, ascites or hydrocephalus (Esteves et al, 2022). Although not for early exclusion, fetal ultrasound can detect clear fetal abnormalities late in infection; preferably used as a monitoring tool for fetal development in suspicious or diagnosed acute maternal infections (Malinger et al, 2011.…”

“…Treatment: To lower the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis, symptomatic and asymptomatic expected mothers diagnosed with an active T. gondii infection must receive anti-mic-robial therapy directed against T. gondii (Esteves et al, 2022).…”

“…Although performing amniocentesis is critical in planning treatment, treatment can be initiated even before performing the test as the highest potency in preventing or reducing neurological damage in the fetus was expected if drugs are administered in the 3 week-gap following maternal seroconversion (Esteves et al, 2022). Mothers suspected to have an acute infection are treated with spiramycin in the first trimester, spiramycin or pyrimethamine combination with sulphonamides (sulphadiazine or sulphadoxine) in the second trimester or just pyrimethamine-sulphonamide treatment in the 3 rd trimester (Serranti et al, 2011).…”