Congenital Scaphoid Megalourethra: Revisiting a Rare Anomaly

Abstract

Megalourethra is an infrequent malformation of the anterior urethra that is caused by the lack of corpus sponigosum and in severe cases is accompanied by the lack of corpora cavernosa as well. We report a five-year-old boy presented to us with scaphoid variety of megalourethra having complaints of ballooning of urethra during voiding. He was investigated with urethrogram and cystoscopy and subsequently repaired with Nesbitt Longitudinal Reduction Urethroplasty. He had smooth recovery postoperatively with normal voiding stream on follow up.

Ultrafiltration in cardiac surgery: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Nine studies 3,5,10,13–19 ( n = 47,985 patients) were included in the final analysis. There were 7 RCTs ( n = 928) 3,10,13–17 and 2 observational studies ( n = 47,007) 5,18 included in the analysis. One observational study was removed during analysis because it only reported raw data and we analyzed adjusted odds ratios with standard errors.…”

“…13 One study had uncertain risk of bias due to uncertain randomization process and how missing outcome data was addressed. 10 Supplementary Figure 3 summarizes the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS) for all included observational studies. One of 3 studies had high risk of bias for selection of participants since it was a before/after study.…”

“…One RCT used mean mL of red cell volume per patient and this was converted to mean units per patient by the formula: mean mL/250 mL (standard mL in red cell units) = mean units per patient. 10 Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool, which considers seven domains including: adequacy of sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting and other potential sources of bias. 11 For observational studies, risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS), which considers 6 domains, including the selection of participants, confounding variables, measurement of exposure, blinding of outcome assessments, incomplete outcome data, and selective outcome reporting.…”

“…An additional 55 articles were excluded on the following basis: 1) no data on the primary outcome of interest, 2) transfusion outcome with incomparable units, 3) pediatric patient population, 4) intervention other than MUF or CUF, 5) meta-analysis or systematic review, 6) combined use of MUF and CUF in study group, and 7) lack of nonultrafiltration control group. Nine studies 3,5,10,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] (n = 47,985 patients) were included in the final analysis. There were 7 RCTs (n = 928) 3,10,13-17 and 2 observational studies (n = 47,007) 5,18 included in the analysis.…”

“…Of note, 6 included studies did not report mean weight or body surface area of study groups. 5,10,13,[15][16][17] Supplemental Figure 2 illustrates the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 reporting for all included RCT studies. Two of 7 studies demonstrated an overall high risk of bias due to randomization process and deviations from intended interventions.…”