Congestion affecting the dynamic of tourism demand: evidence from the most popular destinations in Spain

Obstacles to Sustainable Entrepreneurship amongst Tourism Students: A Gender Comparison

“…Finally, the focus of this research on the analysis of Spanish tourism students' entrepreneurial activity contributes towards ensuring the sustainable development of the Spanish economy, and thus its society. This study is especially valuable given that Spanish tourism has experienced several challenges in recent years [33].…”

“…The former can be important in encouraging economic growth and social development in critical economic conditions. They can provide a fillip to the tourism industry in Spain-the country where the study was carried out-as in recent years it has been facing some challenges [33]. It is especially critical because tourism is the main contributor for the country's economy.…”

Territorial pressure and tourism contribution to GDP: The case of Italian regions

“…In search for a synthetic indicator to be used in econometric investigation, the empirical literature measures this congestion effect through the so‐called “carrying capacity index.” It is identified as the physical limit of the territory expressed in terms of square kilometers—namely, the tourism density (Albaladejo & González‐Martínez, 2019) and/or the ratio between the number of tourists and the number of residents—tourism intensity (Butler, 1980; Petrosillo et al, 2006). Peeters et al (2018), in order to give a more accurate and detailed picture of overtourism, suggest to refer also to two further indicators: the share of Airbnb bed capacity combined with information retrieved from booking.com.…”

“…The first is the total number of annual arrivals (in thousands) in each geographical unit, regardless the type of accommodation; the second is the pressure of arrivals on the territory and the resident population, the TTP; the third is the square of TTP, enabling to account for the presence of nonlinear effects arising from overtourism. Usually, in the empirical standard literature, the phenomenon of tourism congestion is measured through tourism density—the ratio between the number of arrivals and the population in each territorial unit (Albaladejo & González‐Martínez, 2019), or tourism intensity—the ratio between the number of tourists and the number of residents (Butler, 1980; Petrosillo et al, 2006). In our analysis, in order to account for the true pressure of tourism on each panel member (region/province), we have built the TTP index by dividing the number of thousand arrivals in each region by the population per square kilometer.…”

“…Alongside these contributions, however, there is also an evidence that an excessive growth of tourism may generate unfavorable results (Albaladejo & González‐Martínez, 2019; Ehigiamusoe, 2020; Poa & Huang, 2008). Among the detrimental effects of tourism on growth, the most acknowledged refer to the environmental degradation caused by an excessive exploitation of tourism resources (Apergis & Payne, 2012) or by a rise in energy use and human activities such as production, consumption, transport, urbanization, and industrialization, all producing high carbon emissions (Alkhathlan & Javid, 2013; Mirza & Kanwal, 2017).…”