Abstract---This paper describes the implementation of microwave tomography for industrial process applications. Microwave tomography for industrial process imaging has different requirements from that for medical imaging. In addition to spatial resolution, high temporal resolution or real-time imaging is also important for high speed processes, flows or rapid reactions. Depending on the specific application, both quantitative imaging and qualitative imaging may be needed. Qualitative imaging would be sufficient to display distributions, patterns or shapes, which may be adequate for some applications. Quantitative imaging would however be more informative, giving images with quantitative dielectric contrast or permittivity values from which other physical parameters such as density, moisture content and phase fraction may be derived. With the microwave tomography approach described, several example applications in industrial processes are demonstrated, and a number of experimental imaging results are presented.
Keyword---microwavetomography, microwave imaging, instrumentation, image reconstruction
I. INTRODUCTIONOMOGRAPHIC imaging is a technique that reconstructs the internal distribution of an object in terms of a physical parameter and presents it as an image with a grey or color scale for easy visualization. Instead of a single point measurement, it offers a unique imaging method to the oil, chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries to visualize industrial processes without invading the pipes and vessels and provide valuable information for control and optimization. Since the concept of tomographic imaging was put into practice in the 1970's [1,2], there has been a significant development in tomography instruments based on X-ray, -ray, magnetic resonance, optical, positron emission, ultrasound, electrical resistance, electrical capacitance, electromagnetic induction and microwaves [3,4]. Among them, X-ray and magnetic resonance tomographic imaging instruments, which are often known as X-ray CT and MRI respectively, have been widely used in the medical sector. X-ray CT, MRI and optical tomography can all produce images of high spatial resolution. But X-ray CT is only applicable to the imaging of objects with large density contrast. MRI is only useful for imaging objects which contain water or hydrogen atoms. Optical tomography is applicable only to optically transparent substances or gases where optical attenuations are measureable. X-ray, MRI and optical instruments are all bulky and have therefore not found applications in industrial imaging. Positron emission and -ray imaging techniques can also produce high resolution images, but both involve the use of radiative tracer particles or ionizing radiation. They are therefore not welcome in the industrial environment.On the other hand, electrical resistance and electrical capacitance tomographic techniques, which are often referred to as ERT and ECT respectively, have been applied to the imaging of industrial processes either in vessels or pipelines. ERT an...